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<h1 id="working-with-async"><a class="header" href="#working-with-async">Working with Async</a></h1>
<p>Often, apps need to interact with file systems, network interfaces, hardware, or timers. This chapter provides an overview of using async code in Dioxus.</p>
<h2 id="the-runtime"><a class="header" href="#the-runtime">The Runtime</a></h2>
<p>By default, Dioxus-Desktop ships with the <code>Tokio</code> runtime and automatically sets everything up for you. This is currently not configurable, though it would be easy to write an integration for Dioxus desktop that uses a different asynchronous runtime.</p>
<p>Dioxus is not currently thread-safe, so any async code you write does <em>not</em> need to be <code>Send/Sync</code>. That means that you can use non-thread-safe structures like <code>Cell</code>, <code>Rc</code>, and <code>RefCell</code>.</p>
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<h1 id="spawning-futures"><a class="header" href="#spawning-futures">Spawning Futures</a></h1>
<p>The <code>use_future</code> and <code>use_coroutine</code> hooks are useful if you want to unconditionally spawn the future. Sometimes, though, you'll want to only spawn a future in response to an event, such as a mouse click. For example, suppose you need to send a request when the user clicks a &quot;log in&quot; button. For this, you can use <code>cx.spawn</code>:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let logged_in = use_state(cx, || false);
let log_in = move |_| {
cx.spawn({
let logged_in = logged_in.to_owned();
async move {
let resp = reqwest::Client::new()
.post(&quot;http://example.com/login&quot;)
.send()
.await;
match resp {
Ok(_data) =&gt; {
println!(&quot;Login successful!&quot;);
logged_in.set(true);
}
Err(_err) =&gt; {
println!(
&quot;Login failed - you need a login server running on localhost:8080.&quot;
)
}
}
}
});
};
cx.render(rsx! {
button {
onclick: log_in,
&quot;Login&quot;,
}
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Note: <code>spawn</code> will always spawn a <em>new</em> future. You most likely don't want to call it on every render.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Calling <code>spawn</code> will give you a <code>JoinHandle</code> which lets you cancel or pause the future.</p>
<h2 id="spawning-tokio-tasks"><a class="header" href="#spawning-tokio-tasks">Spawning Tokio Tasks</a></h2>
<p>Sometimes, you might want to spawn a background task that needs multiple threads or talk to hardware that might block your app code. In these cases, we can directly spawn a Tokio task from our future. For Dioxus-Desktop, your task will be spawned onto Tokio's Multithreaded runtime:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> cx.spawn(async {
let _ = tokio::spawn(async {}).await;
let _ = tokio::task::spawn_local(async {
// some !Send work
})
.await;
});
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
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<h1 id="coroutines"><a class="header" href="#coroutines">Coroutines</a></h1>
<p>Another tool in your async toolbox are coroutines. Coroutines are futures that can be manually stopped, started, paused, and resumed.</p>
<p>Like regular futures, code in a coroutine will run until the next <code>await</code> point before yielding. This low-level control over asynchronous tasks is quite powerful, allowing for infinitely looping tasks like WebSocket polling, background timers, and other periodic actions.</p>
<h2 id="use_coroutine"><a class="header" href="#use_coroutine"><code>use_coroutine</code></a></h2>
<p>The <code>use_coroutine</code> hook allows you to create a coroutine. Most coroutines we write will be polling loops using async/await.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>fn app(cx: Scope) -&gt; Element {
let ws: &amp;UseCoroutine&lt;()&gt; = use_coroutine(cx, |rx| async move {
// Connect to some sort of service
let mut conn = connect_to_ws_server().await;
// Wait for data on the service
while let Some(msg) = conn.next().await {
// handle messages
}
});
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>For many services, a simple async loop will handle the majority of use cases.</p>
<p>However, if we want to temporarily disable the coroutine, we can &quot;pause&quot; it using the <code>pause</code> method, and &quot;resume&quot; it using the <code>resume</code> method:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let sync: &amp;UseCoroutine&lt;()&gt; = use_coroutine(cx, |rx| async move {
// code for syncing
});
if sync.is_running() {
cx.render(rsx!{
button {
onclick: move |_| sync.pause(),
&quot;Disable syncing&quot;
}
})
} else {
cx.render(rsx!{
button {
onclick: move |_| sync.resume(),
&quot;Enable syncing&quot;
}
})
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>This pattern is where coroutines are extremely useful – instead of writing all the complicated logic for pausing our async tasks like we would with JavaScript promises, the Rust model allows us to just not poll our future.</p>
<h2 id="yielding-values"><a class="header" href="#yielding-values">Yielding Values</a></h2>
<p>To yield values from a coroutine, simply bring in a <code>UseState</code> handle and set the value whenever your coroutine completes its work.</p>
<p>The future must be <code>'static</code> – so any values captured by the task cannot carry any references to <code>cx</code>, such as a <code>UseState</code>.</p>
<p>You can use <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/borrow/trait.ToOwned.html#tymethod.to_owned">to_owned</a> to create a clone of the hook handle which can be moved into the async closure.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let sync_status = use_state(cx, || Status::Launching);
let sync_task = use_coroutine(cx, |rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;SyncAction&gt;| {
let sync_status = sync_status.to_owned();
async move {
loop {
delay_ms(1000).await;
sync_status.set(Status::Working);
}
}
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>To make this a bit less verbose, Dioxus exports the <code>to_owned!</code> macro which will create a binding as shown above, which can be quite helpful when dealing with many values.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let sync_status = use_state(cx, || Status::Launching);
let load_status = use_state(cx, || Status::Launching);
let sync_task = use_coroutine(cx, |rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;SyncAction&gt;| {
to_owned![sync_status, load_status];
async move {
// ...
}
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="sending-values"><a class="header" href="#sending-values">Sending Values</a></h2>
<p>You might've noticed the <code>use_coroutine</code> closure takes an argument called <code>rx</code>. What is that? Well, a common pattern in complex apps is to handle a bunch of async code at once. With libraries like Redux Toolkit, managing multiple promises at once can be challenging and a common source of bugs.</p>
<p>With Coroutines, we can centralize our async logic. The <code>rx</code> parameter is an Channel that allows code external to the coroutine to send data <em>into</em> the coroutine. Instead of looping on an external service, we can loop on the channel itself, processing messages from within our app without needing to spawn a new future. To send data into the coroutine, we would call &quot;send&quot; on the handle.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;
enum ProfileUpdate {
SetUsername(String),
SetAge(i32)
}
let profile = use_coroutine(cx, |mut rx: UnboundedReciver&lt;ProfileUpdate&gt;| async move {
let mut server = connect_to_server().await;
while let Ok(msg) = rx.next().await {
match msg {
ProfileUpdate::SetUsername(name) =&gt; server.update_username(name).await,
ProfileUpdate::SetAge(age) =&gt; server.update_age(age).await,
}
}
});
cx.render(rsx!{
button {
onclick: move |_| profile.send(ProfileUpdate::SetUsername(&quot;Bob&quot;.to_string())),
&quot;Update username&quot;
}
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Note: In order to use/run the <code>rx.next().await</code> statement you will need to extend the [<code>Stream</code>] trait (used by [<code>UnboundedReceiver</code>]) by adding 'futures_util' as a dependency to your project and adding the <code>use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;</code>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>For sufficiently complex apps, we could build a bunch of different useful &quot;services&quot; that loop on channels to update the app.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let profile = use_coroutine(cx, profile_service);
let editor = use_coroutine(cx, editor_service);
let sync = use_coroutine(cx, sync_service);
async fn profile_service(rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;ProfileCommand&gt;) {
// do stuff
}
async fn sync_service(rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;SyncCommand&gt;) {
// do stuff
}
async fn editor_service(rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;EditorCommand&gt;) {
// do stuff
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>We can combine coroutines with <a href="https://docs.rs/fermi/latest/fermi/index.html">Fermi</a> to emulate Redux Toolkit's Thunk system with much less headache. This lets us store all of our app's state <em>within</em> a task and then simply update the &quot;view&quot; values stored in Atoms. It cannot be understated how powerful this technique is: we get all the perks of native Rust tasks with the optimizations and ergonomics of global state. This means your <em>actual</em> state does not need to be tied up in a system like Fermi or Redux – the only Atoms that need to exist are those that are used to drive the display/UI.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>static USERNAME: Atom&lt;String&gt; = |_| &quot;default&quot;.to_string();
fn app(cx: Scope) -&gt; Element {
let atoms = use_atom_root(cx);
use_coroutine(cx, |rx| sync_service(rx, atoms.clone()));
cx.render(rsx!{
Banner {}
})
}
fn Banner(cx: Scope) -&gt; Element {
let username = use_read(cx, USERNAME);
cx.render(rsx!{
h1 { &quot;Welcome back, {username}&quot; }
})
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>Now, in our sync service, we can structure our state however we want. We only need to update the view values when ready.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>use futures_util::stream::StreamExt;
enum SyncAction {
SetUsername(String),
}
async fn sync_service(mut rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;SyncAction&gt;, atoms: AtomRoot) {
let username = atoms.write(USERNAME);
let errors = atoms.write(ERRORS);
while let Ok(msg) = rx.next().await {
match msg {
SyncAction::SetUsername(name) =&gt; {
if set_name_on_server(&amp;name).await.is_ok() {
username.set(name);
} else {
errors.make_mut().push(&quot;SetUsernameFailed&quot;);
}
}
}
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="automatic-injection-into-the-context-api"><a class="header" href="#automatic-injection-into-the-context-api">Automatic injection into the Context API</a></h2>
<p>Coroutine handles are automatically injected through the context API. You can use the <code>use_coroutine_handle</code> hook with the message type as a generic to fetch a handle.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>fn Child(cx: Scope) -&gt; Element {
let sync_task = use_coroutine_handle::&lt;SyncAction&gt;(cx);
sync_task.send(SyncAction::SetUsername);
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
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<h1 id="usefuture"><a class="header" href="#usefuture">UseFuture</a></h1>
<p><a href="https://docs.rs/dioxus-hooks/latest/dioxus_hooks/fn.use_future.html"><code>use_future</code></a> lets you run an async closure, and provides you with its result.</p>
<p>For example, we can make an API request (using <a href="https://docs.rs/reqwest/latest/reqwest/index.html">reqwest</a>) inside <code>use_future</code>:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let future = use_future(cx, (), |_| async move {
reqwest::get(&quot;https://dog.ceo/api/breeds/image/random&quot;)
.await
.unwrap()
.json::&lt;ApiResponse&gt;()
.await
});
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>The code inside <code>use_future</code> will be submitted to the Dioxus scheduler once the component has rendered.</p>
<p>We can use <code>.value()</code> to get the result of the future. On the first run, since there's no data ready when the component loads, its value will be <code>None</code>. However, once the future is finished, the component will be re-rendered and the value will now be <code>Some(...)</code>, containing the return value of the closure.</p>
<p>We can then render that result:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>cx.render(match future.value() {
Some(Ok(response)) =&gt; rsx! {
button {
onclick: move |_| future.restart(),
&quot;Click to fetch another doggo&quot;
}
div {
img {
max_width: &quot;500px&quot;,
max_height: &quot;500px&quot;,
src: &quot;{response.image_url}&quot;,
}
}
},
Some(Err(_)) =&gt; rsx! { div { &quot;Loading dogs failed&quot; } },
None =&gt; rsx! { div { &quot;Loading dogs...&quot; } },
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="restarting-the-future"><a class="header" href="#restarting-the-future">Restarting the Future</a></h2>
<p>The <code>UseFuture</code> handle provides a <code>restart</code> method. It can be used to execute the future again, producing a new value.</p>
<h2 id="dependencies"><a class="header" href="#dependencies">Dependencies</a></h2>
<p>Often, you will need to run the future again every time some value (e.g. a prop) changes. Rather than calling <code>restart</code> manually, you can provide a tuple of &quot;dependencies&quot; to the hook. It will automatically re-run the future when any of those dependencies change. Example:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let future = use_future(cx, (breed,), |(breed,)| async move {
reqwest::get(format!(&quot;https://dog.ceo/api/breed/{breed}/images/random&quot;))
.await
.unwrap()
.json::&lt;ApiResponse&gt;()
.await
});
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
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