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<h1 id="trabalhando-em-assincronia"><a class="header" href="#trabalhando-em-assincronia">Trabalhando em Assincronia</a></h1>
<p>Muitas vezes, os aplicativos precisam interagir com sistemas de arquivos, interfaces de rede, hardware ou temporizadores. Este capítulo fornece uma visão geral do uso de código assíncrono no Dioxus.</p>
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<p>Dioxus atualmente não é <code>thread-safe</code>, então qualquer código assíncrono que você escreve <em>não</em> precisa ser <code>Send/Sync</code>. Isso significa que você pode usar estruturas não <code>thread-safe</code> como <code>Cell</code>, <code>Rc</code> e <code>RefCell</code>.</p>
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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../index.html">Introdução</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../getting_started/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Introdução Rápida as Plataformas</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../getting_started/desktop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Desktop</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../getting_started/web.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Web</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../getting_started/hot_reload.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.1.</strong> Hot Reload</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../getting_started/ssr.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Renderização por Servidor</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../getting_started/tui.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Interface do Terminal</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../getting_started/mobile.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Móvel</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../describing_ui/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Descrevendo a Interface do Usuário</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../describing_ui/special_attributes.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Atributos Especiais</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../describing_ui/components.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> Componentes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../describing_ui/component_props.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Props</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../describing_ui/component_children.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Componente Filho</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interactivity/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Interatividade</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interactivity/event_handlers.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Manipuladores de Eventos</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interactivity/hooks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Hooks &amp; Estado de Componentes</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interactivity/user_input.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Entradas do Usuário</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interactivity/sharing_state.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Estado Compartilhado</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interactivity/custom_hooks.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Hooks Personalizados</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interactivity/dynamic_rendering.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Renderização Dinâmica</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../interactivity/roteador.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.7.</strong> Roteamento</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../async/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Assincronia</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../async/use_future.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> UseFuture</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../async/use_coroutine.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> UseCoroutine</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../async/spawn.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Gerando Futures</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../best_practices/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Práticas Recomendadas</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../best_practices/error_handling.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.1.</strong> Tratamento de erros</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../best_practices/antipatterns.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.2.</strong> Antipadrões</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../publishing/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> Publicação</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../publishing/desktop.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.1.</strong> Desktop</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../publishing/web.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.2.</strong> Web</a></li><li class="spacer"></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="../custom_renderer/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> Renderizador Personalizado</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../roadmap.html">Roteiro</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="../contributing.html">Contribuindo</a></Line truncated
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<h1 id="gerando-futures"><a class="header" href="#gerando-futures">Gerando Futures</a></h1>
<p>Os <strong>&quot;hooks&quot;</strong> <code>use_future</code> e <code>use_coroutine</code> são úteis se você quiser gerar incondicionalmente o <code>Future</code>. Às vezes, porém, você desejará apenas gerar um <code>Future</code> em resposta a um evento, como um clique do mouse. Por exemplo, suponha que você precise enviar uma solicitação quando o usuário clicar em um botão &quot;log in&quot;. Para isso, você pode usar <code>cx.spawn</code>:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> let logged_in = use_state(cx, || false);
let log_in = move |_| {
cx.spawn({
let logged_in = logged_in.to_owned();
async move {
let resp = reqwest::Client::new()
.post(&quot;http://example.com/login&quot;)
.send()
.await;
match resp {
Ok(_data) =&gt; {
println!(&quot;Login successful!&quot;);
logged_in.set(true);
}
Err(_err) =&gt; {
println!(
&quot;Login failed - you need a login server running on localhost:8080.&quot;
)
}
}
}
});
};
cx.render(rsx! {
button {
onclick: log_in,
&quot;Login&quot;,
}
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>Nota: <code>spawn</code> sempre gerará um <em>novo</em> <code>Future</code>. Você provavelmente não quer chamá-lo em cada renderização.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>O <code>Future</code> deve ser <code>'static</code> – então quaisquer valores capturados pela tarefa não podem carregar nenhuma referência a <code>cx</code>, como um <code>UseState</code>.</p>
<p>No entanto, como você normalmente precisa de uma maneira de atualizar o valor de um gancho, você pode usar <code>to_owned</code> para criar um clone do <em>handle</em> do <em>hook</em>. Você pode então usar esse clone no encerramento assíncrono.</p>
<p>Para tornar isso um pouco menos detalhado, o Dioxus exporta a macro <code>to_owned!</code> que criará uma ligação como mostrado acima, o que pode ser bastante útil ao lidar com muitos valores.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> use dioxus::hooks::to_owned;
cx.spawn({
to_owned![count, age, name, description];
async move {
// ...
}
});
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>Calling <code>spawn</code> will give you a <code>JoinHandle</code> which lets you cancel or pause the future.</p>
<h2 id="gerando-tarefas-do-tokio"><a class="header" href="#gerando-tarefas-do-tokio">Gerando Tarefas do Tokio</a></h2>
<p>Às vezes, você pode querer gerar uma tarefa em segundo plano que precise de vários <em>threads</em> ou conversar com o hardware que pode bloquear o código do seu aplicativo. Nesses casos, podemos gerar diretamente uma tarefa Tokio do nosso <code>Future</code>. Para Dioxus-Desktop, sua tarefa será gerada no tempo de execução Multi-Tarefado do Tokio:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> cx.spawn(async {
let _ = tokio::spawn(async {}).await;
let _ = tokio::task::spawn_local(async {
// some !Send work
})
.await;
});
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
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<h1 id="corrotinas"><a class="header" href="#corrotinas">Corrotinas</a></h1>
<p>Outra boa ferramenta para manter em sua caixa de ferramentas assíncrona são as corrotinas. Corrotinas são <code>Futures</code> que podem ser interrompidos, iniciados, pausados e retomados manualmente.</p>
<p>Assim como os <code>Futures</code> regulares, o código em uma corrotina Dioxus será executado até o próximo ponto <code>await</code> antes do <em>render</em>. Esse controle de baixo nível sobre tarefas assíncronas é bastante poderoso, permitindo tarefas em <em>loop</em> infinito, como pesquisa de WebSocket, temporizadores em segundo plano e outras ações periódicas.</p>
<h2 id="use_coroutine"><a class="header" href="#use_coroutine"><code>use_coroutine</code></a></h2>
<p>A configuração básica para corrotinas é o <em>hook</em> <code>use_coroutine</code>. A maioria das corrotinas que escrevemos serão <em>loops</em> de pesquisa usando <code>async</code>/<code>await</code>.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>fn app(cx: Scope) -&gt; Element {
let ws: &amp;UseCoroutine&lt;()&gt; = use_coroutine(cx, |rx| async move {
// Connect to some sort of service
let mut conn = connect_to_ws_server().await;
// Wait for data on the service
while let Some(msg) = conn.next().await {
// handle messages
}
});
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>Para muitos serviços, um <em>loop</em> assíncrono simples lidará com a maioria dos casos de uso.</p>
<p>No entanto, se quisermos desabilitar temporariamente a corrotina, podemos &quot;pausá-la&quot; usando o método <code>pause</code> e &quot;retomá-la&quot; usando o método <code>resume</code>:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let sync: &amp;UseCoroutine&lt;()&gt; = use_coroutine(cx, |rx| async move {
// code for syncing
});
if sync.is_running() {
cx.render(rsx!{
button {
onclick: move |_| sync.pause(),
&quot;Disable syncing&quot;
}
})
} else {
cx.render(rsx!{
button {
onclick: move |_| sync.resume(),
&quot;Enable syncing&quot;
}
})
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>Esse padrão é onde as corrotinas são extremamente úteis – em vez de escrever toda a lógica complicada para pausar nossas tarefas assíncronas como faríamos com <code>Promises</code> de JavaScript, o modelo do Rust nos permite simplesmente não pesquisar nosso <code>Future</code>.</p>
<h2 id="enviando-valores"><a class="header" href="#enviando-valores">Enviando valores</a></h2>
<p>Você deve ter notado que o encerramento <code>use_coroutine</code> recebe um argumento chamado <code>rx</code>. O que é aquilo? Bem, um padrão comum em aplicativos complexos é lidar com vários códigos assíncronos de uma só vez. Com bibliotecas como o Redux Toolkit, gerenciar várias promessas ao mesmo tempo pode ser um desafio e uma fonte comum de <em>bugs</em>.</p>
<p>Usando corrotinas, temos a oportunidade de centralizar nossa lógica assíncrona. O parâmetro <code>rx</code> é um canal ilimitado para código externo à corrotina para enviar dados <em>para</em> a corrotina. Em vez de fazer um <em>loop</em> em um serviço externo, podemos fazer um <em>loop</em> no próprio canal, processando mensagens de dentro de nosso aplicativo sem precisar gerar um novo <code>Future</code>. Para enviar dados para a corrotina, chamaríamos &quot;send&quot; no <em>handle</em>.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>enum ProfileUpdate {
SetUsername(String),
SetAge(i32)
}
let profile = use_coroutine(cx, |mut rx: UnboundedReciver&lt;ProfileUpdate&gt;| async move {
let mut server = connect_to_server().await;
while let Ok(msg) = rx.next().await {
match msg {
ProfileUpdate::SetUsername(name) =&gt; server.update_username(name).await,
ProfileUpdate::SetAge(age) =&gt; server.update_age(age).await,
}
}
});
cx.render(rsx!{
button {
onclick: move |_| profile.send(ProfileUpdate::SetUsername(&quot;Bob&quot;.to_string())),
&quot;Update username&quot;
}
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>Para aplicativos suficientemente complexos, poderíamos criar vários &quot;serviços&quot; úteis diferentes que fazem um <em>loop</em> nos canais para atualizar o aplicativo.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let profile = use_coroutine(cx, profile_service);
let editor = use_coroutine(cx, editor_service);
let sync = use_coroutine(cx, sync_service);
async fn profile_service(rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;ProfileCommand&gt;) {
// do stuff
}
async fn sync_service(rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;SyncCommand&gt;) {
// do stuff
}
async fn editor_service(rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;EditorCommand&gt;) {
// do stuff
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>Podemos combinar corrotinas com <code>Fermi</code> para emular o sistema <code>Thunk</code> do <strong>Redux Toolkit</strong> com muito menos dor de cabeça. Isso nos permite armazenar todo o estado do nosso aplicativo <em>dentro</em> de uma tarefa e, em seguida, simplesmente atualizar os valores de &quot;visualização&quot; armazenados em <code>Atoms</code>. Não pode ser subestimado o quão poderosa é essa técnica: temos todas as vantagens das tarefas nativas do Rust com as otimizações e ergonomia do estado global. Isso significa que seu estado <em>real</em> não precisa estar vinculado a um sistema como <code>Fermi</code> ou <code>Redux</code> – os únicos <code>Atoms</code> que precisam existir são aqueles que são usados para controlar a interface.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>static USERNAME: Atom&lt;String&gt; = |_| &quot;default&quot;.to_string();
fn app(cx: Scope) -&gt; Element {
let atoms = use_atom_root(cx);
use_coroutine(cx, |rx| sync_service(rx, atoms.clone()));
cx.render(rsx!{
Banner {}
})
}
fn Banner(cx: Scope) -&gt; Element {
let username = use_read(cx, USERNAME);
cx.render(rsx!{
h1 { &quot;Welcome back, {username}&quot; }
})
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>Agora, em nosso serviço de sincronização, podemos estruturar nosso estado como quisermos. Só precisamos atualizar os valores da <em>view</em> quando estiver pronto.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>enum SyncAction {
SetUsername(String),
}
async fn sync_service(mut rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;SyncAction&gt;, atoms: AtomRoot) {
let username = atoms.write(USERNAME);
let errors = atoms.write(ERRORS);
while let Ok(msg) = rx.next().await {
match msg {
SyncAction::SetUsername(name) =&gt; {
if set_name_on_server(&amp;name).await.is_ok() {
username.set(name);
} else {
errors.make_mut().push(&quot;SetUsernameFailed&quot;);
}
}
}
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="valores-de-rendimento"><a class="header" href="#valores-de-rendimento">Valores de Rendimento</a></h2>
<p>Para obter valores de uma corrotina, basta usar um identificador <code>UseState</code> e definir o valor sempre que sua corrotina concluir seu trabalho.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let sync_status = use_state(cx, || Status::Launching);
let sync_task = use_coroutine(cx, |rx: UnboundedReceiver&lt;SyncAction&gt;| {
to_owned![sync_status];
async move {
loop {
delay_ms(1000).await;
sync_status.set(Status::Working);
}
}
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="injeção-automática-na-api-de-contexto"><a class="header" href="#injeção-automática-na-api-de-contexto">Injeção Automática na API de Contexto</a></h2>
<p>Os identificadores de corrotina são injetados automaticamente por meio da API de contexto. <code>use_coroutine_handle</code> com o tipo de mensagem como genérico pode ser usado para buscar um <em>handle</em>.</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>fn Child(cx: Scope) -&gt; Element {
let sync_task = use_coroutine_handle::&lt;SyncAction&gt;(cx);
sync_task.send(SyncAction::SetUsername);
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
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<h1 id="usefuture"><a class="header" href="#usefuture"><code>UseFuture</code></a></h1>
<p><a href="https://docs.rs/dioxus-hooks/latest/dioxus_hooks/fn.use_future.html"><code>use_future</code></a> permite executar um encerramento assíncrono e fornece seu resultado.</p>
<p>Por exemplo, podemos fazer uma solicitação de API dentro de <code>use_future</code>:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let future = use_future(cx, (), |_| async move {
reqwest::get(&quot;https://dog.ceo/api/breeds/image/random&quot;)
.await
.unwrap()
.json::&lt;ApiResponse&gt;()
.await
});
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>O código dentro de <code>use_future</code> será enviado ao agendador do Dioxus assim que o componente for renderizado.</p>
<p>Podemos usar <code>.value()</code> para obter o resultado do <code>Future</code>. Na primeira execução, como não há dados prontos quando o componente é carregado, seu valor será <code>None</code>. No entanto, uma vez finalizado o <code>Future</code>, o componente será renderizado novamente e o valor agora será <code>Some(...)</code>, contendo o valor de retorno do encerramento.</p>
<p>Podemos então renderizar esse resultado:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>cx.render(match future.value() {
Some(Ok(response)) =&gt; rsx! {
button {
onclick: move |_| future.restart(),
&quot;Click to fetch another doggo&quot;
}
div {
img {
max_width: &quot;500px&quot;,
max_height: &quot;500px&quot;,
src: &quot;{response.image_url}&quot;,
}
}
},
Some(Err(_)) =&gt; rsx! { div { &quot;Loading dogs failed&quot; } },
None =&gt; rsx! { div { &quot;Loading dogs...&quot; } },
})
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="reiniciando-o-future"><a class="header" href="#reiniciando-o-future">Reiniciando o <code>Future</code></a></h2>
<p>O identificador <code>UseFuture</code> fornece um método <code>restart</code>. Ele pode ser usado para executar o <code>Future</code> novamente, produzindo um novo valor.</p>
<h2 id="dependências"><a class="header" href="#dependências">Dependências</a></h2>
<p>Muitas vezes, você precisará executar o <code>Future</code> novamente toda vez que algum valor (por exemplo, uma prop) mudar. Ao invés de <code>.restart</code> manualmente, você pode fornecer uma tupla de &quot;dependências&quot; para o gancho. Ele executará automaticamente o <code>Future</code> quando qualquer uma dessas dependências for alterada. Exemplo:</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust edition2018">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let future = use_future(cx, (breed,), |(breed,)| async move {
reqwest::get(format!(&quot;https://dog.ceo/api/breed/{breed}/images/random&quot;))
.await
.unwrap()
.json::&lt;ApiResponse&gt;()
.await
});
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
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