manganis: load FFI classes from the activity classloader, not FindClass

JNIEnv::find_class resolves against the system classloader on a thread
attached from native code, which cannot see APK classes (#5629). Route
the generated #[manganis::ffi] type lookup through
load_class_from_classloader, and reimplement that helper to ask the
activity's own ClassLoader.loadClass instead of Class.forName.

packages/cli/Cargo.toml

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ dioxus-cli-telemetry = { workspace =  true }
 dioxus-component-manifest = { workspace = true }
 
 bytes = { workspace = true }
-clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "cargo"] }
+clap = { workspace = true, features = ["derive", "cargo", "env"] }
 convert_case = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 uuid = { workspace = true, features = ["v4", "v5", "v7"] }

packages/cli/assets/android/gen/app/build.gradle.kts.hbs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ android {
         applicationId = "{{ application_id }}"
         minSdk = {{ min_sdk }}
         targetSdk = {{ target_sdk }}
-        versionCode = 1
+        versionCode = {{ version_code }}
         versionName = "{{ version }}"
     }
     {{#if android_bundle}}

packages/cli/assets/ios/ios.plist.hbs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 	<string>{{ bundle_name }}</string>
 
 	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-	<string>{{ version }}</string>
+	<string>{{ bundle_version }}</string>
 	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
 	<string>{{ version }}</string>
 	<key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>

packages/cli/assets/macos/mac.plist.hbs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 		<string>{{ version }}</string>
 
 		<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
-		<string>{{ version }}</string>
+		<string>{{ bundle_version }}</string>
 
 		<key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>
 		<string>{{ minimum_system_version }}</string>

packages/cli/schema.json

@@ -267,6 +267,15 @@
           "items": {
             "type": "string"
           }
+        },
+        "version_code": {
+          "description": "The version code used for `versionCode` in the generated Gradle project.\n\nMust be between 1 and 2100000000 (the Google Play Store maximum).\n\nCan be overridden per-build with `--version-code` or the `DX_ANDROID_VERSION_CODE`\nenvironment variable. If unset, it is derived from the crate version as\n`major * 1000000 + minor * 1000 + patch`.",
+          "type": [
+            "integer",
+            "null"
+          ],
+          "format": "uint32",
+          "minimum": 0
         }
       }
     },
@@ -964,6 +973,13 @@
             "type": "string"
           }
         },
+        "bundle_version": {
+          "description": "The bundle version string (CFBundleVersion).\n\nThis is the machine-readable build number that must increase with every upload\nto App Store Connect. Can be overridden per-build with `--bundle-version` or the\n`DX_BUNDLE_VERSION` environment variable. Defaults to the crate version.",
+          "type": [
+            "string",
+            "null"
+          ]
+        },
         "category": {
           "description": "App category. Overrides `bundle.category` for iOS builds.",
           "type": [

packages/cli/src/build/android.rs

@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ impl BuildRequest {
             application_id: String,
             app_name: String,
             version: String,
+            version_code: u32,
             android_bundle: Option<crate::AndroidSettings>,
             /// Android SDK version settings
             min_sdk: u32,
@@ -180,6 +181,7 @@ impl BuildRequest {
             application_id: self.bundle_identifier(),
             app_name: self.bundled_app_name(),
             version: self.crate_version(),
+            version_code: self.android_version_code()?,
             android_bundle: self.config.bundle.android.clone(),
             min_sdk: self.config.android.min_sdk.unwrap_or(24),
             target_sdk: self.config.android.target_sdk.unwrap_or(34),

packages/cli/src/build/apple.rs

@@ -160,6 +160,8 @@ impl BuildRequest {
             pub executable_name: String,
             /// App version string (from Cargo.toml)
             pub version: String,
+            /// Bundle version string (CFBundleVersion)
+            pub bundle_version: String,
             /// Permission usage descriptions
             pub permissions: Vec<PlistPermission>,
             /// Additional plist entries as raw XML
@@ -231,6 +233,7 @@ impl BuildRequest {
                             executable_name: self.platform_exe_name(),
                             bundle_identifier: self.bundle_identifier(),
                             version: self.crate_version(),
+                            bundle_version: self.apple_bundle_version(),
                             permissions,
                             plist_entries,
                             raw_plist,
@@ -265,6 +268,7 @@ impl BuildRequest {
                             executable_name: self.platform_exe_name(),
                             bundle_identifier: self.bundle_identifier(),
                             version: self.crate_version(),
+                            bundle_version: self.apple_bundle_version(),
                             permissions,
                             plist_entries,
                             raw_plist,

packages/cli/src/build/request.rs

@@ -269,6 +269,8 @@ pub(crate) struct BuildRequest {
     pub(crate) using_dioxus_explicitly: bool,
     pub(crate) apple_entitlements: Option<PathBuf>,
     pub(crate) apple_team_id: Option<String>,
+    pub(crate) version_code: Option<u32>,
+    pub(crate) bundle_version: Option<String>,
     pub(crate) session_cache_dir: PathBuf,
     pub(crate) raw_json_diagnostics: bool,
     pub(crate) windows_subsystem: Option<String>,
@@ -905,6 +907,8 @@ impl BuildRequest {
             inject_loading_scripts: args.inject_loading_scripts,
             apple_entitlements: args.apple_entitlements.clone(),
             apple_team_id: args.apple_team_id.clone(),
+            version_code: args.version_code,
+            bundle_version: args.bundle_version.clone(),
             raw_json_diagnostics: args.raw_json_diagnostics,
             windows_subsystem: args.windows_subsystem.clone(),
         })
@@ -2685,6 +2689,64 @@ impl BuildRequest {
             .to_string()
     }
 
+    /// Get the Android `versionCode` for the generated Gradle project.
+    ///
+    /// Resolution order: `--version-code` / `DX_ANDROID_VERSION_CODE`, then
+    /// `[android] version_code` in Dioxus.toml, then a value derived from the crate
+    /// version as `major * 1000000 + minor * 1000 + patch`.
+    pub(crate) fn android_version_code(&self) -> Result<u32> {
+        /// The maximum value accepted by the Google Play Store.
+        const MAX_VERSION_CODE: u32 = 2_100_000_000;
+
+        let code = match self.version_code.or(self.config.android.version_code) {
+            Some(code) => code,
+            None => {
+                let version = &self.workspace.krates[self.crate_package].version;
+                if version.major > 2099 || version.minor > 999 || version.patch > 999 {
+                    bail!(
+                        "Cannot derive an Android versionCode from crate version `{version}`: each component must fit `major <= 2099`, `minor <= 999`, `patch <= 999`. Set an explicit version code via `[android] version_code` in Dioxus.toml or the `--version-code` flag."
+                    );
+                }
+                if !version.pre.is_empty() {
+                    tracing::warn!(
+                        "Pre-release identifier of crate version `{version}` is ignored when deriving the Android versionCode"
+                    );
+                }
+                let code =
+                    (version.major * 1_000_000 + version.minor * 1_000 + version.patch) as u32;
+
+                // Google Play requires versionCode >= 1, so bump 0.0.0 up to 1.
+                code.max(1)
+            }
+        };
+
+        if !(1..=MAX_VERSION_CODE).contains(&code) {
+            bail!(
+                "Android versionCode must be between 1 and {MAX_VERSION_CODE}, got {code}. See https://developer.android.com/studio/publish/versioning"
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(code)
+    }
+
+    /// The explicitly-configured `CFBundleVersion` for iOS/macOS bundles, if any.
+    ///
+    /// Resolution order: `--bundle-version` / `DX_BUNDLE_VERSION`, then the platform's
+    /// `bundle_version` in Dioxus.toml (`[ios]` or `[macos]`).
+    pub(crate) fn apple_bundle_version_override(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.bundle_version.clone().or_else(|| match self.bundle {
+            BundleFormat::Ios => self.config.ios.bundle_version.clone(),
+            BundleFormat::MacOS => self.config.macos.bundle_version.clone(),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The `CFBundleVersion` for iOS/macOS bundles, falling back to the crate version.
+    pub(crate) fn apple_bundle_version(&self) -> String {
+        self.apple_bundle_version_override()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.crate_version())
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn bundle_identifier(&self) -> String {
         use crate::config::BundlePlatform;
 

packages/cli/src/bundler/macos.rs

@@ -482,7 +482,11 @@ impl BundleContext<'_> {
         );
 
         let version = self.version_string();
-        let bundle_version = macos_settings.bundle_version.as_deref().unwrap_or(&version);
+        let bundle_version = self
+            .build
+            .apple_bundle_version_override()
+            .or_else(|| macos_settings.bundle_version.clone())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| version.clone());
 
         dict.insert(
             "CFBundleShortVersionString".into(),

packages/cli/src/cli/target.rs

@@ -162,6 +162,22 @@ pub(crate) struct TargetArgs {
     #[clap(long, default_value_t = true, help_heading = HELP_HEADING, num_args = 0..=1)]
     pub(crate) wasm_js_cfg: bool,
 
+    /// The Android `versionCode` to stamp into the generated Gradle project.
+    ///
+    /// Must be between 1 and 2100000000 (the Google Play Store maximum). Overrides
+    /// `[android] version_code` in Dioxus.toml. If neither is set, the version code is
+    /// derived from the crate version as `major * 1000000 + minor * 1000 + patch`.
+    #[clap(long, env = "DX_ANDROID_VERSION_CODE", help_heading = HELP_HEADING)]
+    pub(crate) version_code: Option<u32>,
+
+    /// The bundle version (CFBundleVersion) to stamp into the Info.plist of iOS and macOS bundles.
+    ///
+    /// This is the machine-readable build number that must increase with every upload to
+    /// App Store Connect. Overrides `[ios] bundle_version` / `[macos] bundle_version` in
+    /// Dioxus.toml. Defaults to the crate version.
+    #[clap(long, env = "DX_BUNDLE_VERSION", help_heading = HELP_HEADING)]
+    pub(crate) bundle_version: Option<String>,
+
     /// The Windows subsystem to use when building for Windows targets. This can be either `CONSOLE` or `WINDOWS`.
     ///
     /// By default, DX uses `WINDOWS` since it assumes a GUI application, but you can override this behavior with this flag.
@@ -200,6 +216,8 @@ impl Anonymized for TargetArgs {
             "debug_symbols": self.debug_symbols,
             "keep_names": self.keep_names,
             "device": self.device,
+            "version_code": self.version_code,
+            "bundle_version": self.bundle_version.is_some(),
             "base_path": self.base_path.is_some(),
             "cargo_args": self.cargo_args.is_some(),
             "rustc_args": self.rustc_args.is_some(),

packages/cli/src/config/manifest.rs

@@ -326,6 +326,14 @@ pub struct IosConfig {
     pub long_description: Option<String>,
 
     // === iOS-specific settings ===
+    /// The bundle version string (CFBundleVersion).
+    ///
+    /// This is the machine-readable build number that must increase with every upload
+    /// to App Store Connect. Can be overridden per-build with `--bundle-version` or the
+    /// `DX_BUNDLE_VERSION` environment variable. Defaults to the crate version.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub bundle_version: Option<String>,
+
     /// Minimum iOS deployment target (e.g., "15.0").
     #[serde(default)]
     pub deployment_target: Option<String>,
@@ -590,6 +598,16 @@ pub struct AndroidConfig {
     pub signing: Option<AndroidSigningConfig>,
 
     // === Android-specific settings ===
+    /// The version code used for `versionCode` in the generated Gradle project.
+    ///
+    /// Must be between 1 and 2100000000 (the Google Play Store maximum).
+    ///
+    /// Can be overridden per-build with `--version-code` or the `DX_ANDROID_VERSION_CODE`
+    /// environment variable. If unset, it is derived from the crate version as
+    /// `major * 1000000 + minor * 1000 + patch`.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub version_code: Option<u32>,
+
     /// Minimum SDK version.
     #[serde(default)]
     pub min_sdk: Option<u32>,

packages/manganis/manganis-macro/src/ffi.rs

@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ impl FfiBridgeParser {
                         // Use with_activity which returns Option<R>, wrapping our Result in the Option
                         let inner_result: Option<Result<Self, String>> = manganis::android::with_activity(|mut env, activity| {
                             // Find the class
-                            let class_result = env.find_class(#class_name_lit);
+                            let class_result = manganis::android::load_class_from_classloader(env, activity, #class_name_lit);
                             let class = match class_result {
                                 Ok(c) => c,
                                 Err(e) => return Some(Err(format!("Failed to find class {}: {:?}", #class_name_lit, e))),
@@ -724,10 +724,10 @@ impl FfiBridgeParser {
             let class_name_bytes = format!("{}\0", name);
 
             let type_def = quote! {
-                /// Opaque wrapper around an Objective-C object pointer
+                /// Opaque wrapper around a retained Objective-C object
                 /// The actual Swift class is looked up dynamically at runtime after dx links everything
                 pub struct #name {
-                    inner: *mut manganis::objc2::runtime::AnyObject,
+                    inner: manganis::objc2::rc::Retained<manganis::objc2::runtime::AnyObject>,
                 }
 
                 unsafe impl Send for #name {}
@@ -827,17 +827,26 @@ impl FfiBridgeParser {
                             let instance: *mut manganis::objc2::runtime::AnyObject = manganis::objc2::msg_send![class, alloc];
                             let instance: *mut manganis::objc2::runtime::AnyObject = manganis::objc2::msg_send![instance, init];
 
-                            if instance.is_null() {
+                            // `alloc` + `init` returns a +1 retained object; `Retained::from_raw`
-                                return Err("Failed to initialize instance");
+                            // takes over that reference and sends `release` on drop.
-                            }
+                            let inner = manganis::objc2::rc::Retained::from_raw(instance)
+                                .ok_or("Failed to initialize instance")?;
 
-                            Ok(Self { inner: instance })
+                            Ok(Self { inner })
                         }
                     }
 
-                    /// Create from an existing object pointer
+                    /// Create from an existing object pointer.
+                    ///
+                    /// # Safety
+                    ///
+                    /// `ptr` must be a valid, non-null pointer to an Objective-C object,
+                    /// and the caller must transfer ownership of one retain count (+1)
+                    /// to the returned wrapper, which sends `release` on drop.
                     pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *mut manganis::objc2::runtime::AnyObject) -> Self {
-                        Self { inner: ptr }
+                        let inner = manganis::objc2::rc::Retained::from_raw(ptr)
+                            .expect("from_raw called with a null pointer");
+                        Self { inner }
                     }
                 }
             };
@@ -960,7 +969,7 @@ impl FfiBridgeParser {
 
         // Build the msg_send call
         let this_expr = if func.receiver.is_some() {
-            quote! { this.inner }
+            quote! { manganis::objc2::rc::Retained::as_ptr(&this.inner) as *mut manganis::objc2::runtime::AnyObject }
         } else {
             // For static methods, we'd need the class
             quote! { class }

packages/manganis/manganis/src/android/java.rs

@@ -111,15 +111,34 @@ pub fn request_permissions_via_helper(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-/// Load a Java class from the APK's classloader
+/// Load a Java class from the APK's classloader.
+///
+/// `JNIEnv::find_class` resolves against the *system* classloader on a thread that
+/// was attached from native code (`JavaVM::attach_current_thread`), which cannot see
+/// classes packaged in the APK, so it raises `ClassNotFoundException`. The activity's
+/// own classloader can, so we ask the activity for it and call `loadClass` on it.
+///
+/// `class_name` may be given in either JNI form (`com/example/Foo`) or binary form
+/// (`com.example.Foo`); `loadClass` requires the binary form, so slashes are converted.
 pub fn load_class_from_classloader<'env>(
     env: &mut JNIEnv<'env>,
+    activity: &JObject<'_>,
     class_name: &str,
 ) -> Result<JClass<'env>> {
-    let class_name_jstring = new_string(env, class_name)?;
+    let binary_name = class_name.replace('/', ".");
-    let class = env.call_static_method(
+    let activity_class = env.get_object_class(activity)?;
-        "java/lang/Class",
+    let loader = env
-        "forName",
+        .call_method(
+            &activity_class,
+            "getClassLoader",
+            "()Ljava/lang/ClassLoader;",
+            &[],
+        )?
+        .l()?;
+    let class_name_jstring = new_string(env, &binary_name)?;
+    let class = env.call_method(
+        &loader,
+        "loadClass",
         "(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Class;",
         &[JValue::Object(&class_name_jstring)],
     )?;