feat(operators): add RealBounds initializer and GaussianMutation

`RealBounds` (Initializer<Vec<f64>>) samples each variable uniformly in
its inclusive (lo, hi) range; panics if any bound has lo > hi
(spec §11.1).

`GaussianMutation` (Variation<Vec<f64>>) clones the first parent and
adds Normal(0, sigma) noise to every element; panics on sigma <= 0.0;
does not enforce bounds in v1 (spec §11.2).

src/operators/real.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+//! Operators for real-valued (`Vec<f64>`) decisions.
+
+use rand::Rng as _;
+use rand_distr::{Distribution, Normal};
+
+use crate::core::rng::Rng;
+use crate::traits::{Initializer, Variation};
+
+/// Uniformly initialize `Vec<f64>` decisions within per-variable bounds.
+///
+/// Bounds are inclusive `(lo, hi)` ranges per dimension. Panics if any bound
+/// has `lo > hi` (spec §11.1).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RealBounds {
+    /// Per-variable inclusive bounds in decision order.
+    pub bounds: Vec<(f64, f64)>,
+}
+
+impl RealBounds {
+    /// Create a `RealBounds` initializer.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If any `(lo, hi)` has `lo > hi`.
+    pub fn new(bounds: Vec<(f64, f64)>) -> Self {
+        for (i, &(lo, hi)) in bounds.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert!(
+                lo <= hi,
+                "RealBounds bound at index {i} has lo > hi: ({lo}, {hi})",
+            );
+        }
+        Self { bounds }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Initializer<Vec<f64>> for RealBounds {
+    fn initialize(&mut self, size: usize, rng: &mut Rng) -> Vec<Vec<f64>> {
+        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(size);
+        for _ in 0..size {
+            let mut decision = Vec::with_capacity(self.bounds.len());
+            for &(lo, hi) in &self.bounds {
+                let v = if lo == hi { lo } else { rng.random_range(lo..=hi) };
+                decision.push(v);
+            }
+            out.push(decision);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+/// Add `Normal(0, sigma)` noise to every variable of the first parent.
+///
+/// Always returns exactly one child. Does not enforce bounds in v1 (spec §11.2).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct GaussianMutation {
+    /// Standard deviation of the Gaussian noise. Must be positive.
+    pub sigma: f64,
+}
+
+impl Variation<Vec<f64>> for GaussianMutation {
+    fn vary(&mut self, parents: &[Vec<f64>], rng: &mut Rng) -> Vec<Vec<f64>> {
+        assert!(self.sigma > 0.0, "GaussianMutation sigma must be positive");
+        assert!(
+            !parents.is_empty(),
+            "GaussianMutation requires at least one parent",
+        );
+        let normal =
+            Normal::new(0.0, self.sigma).expect("Normal distribution rejected sigma");
+        let mut child = parents[0].clone();
+        for x in child.iter_mut() {
+            *x += normal.sample(rng);
+        }
+        vec![child]
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::core::rng::rng_from_seed;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn real_bounds_returns_correct_shape_and_range() {
+        let mut init = RealBounds::new(vec![(-1.0, 1.0), (0.0, 10.0)]);
+        let mut rng = rng_from_seed(7);
+        let decisions = init.initialize(5, &mut rng);
+        assert_eq!(decisions.len(), 5);
+        for d in &decisions {
+            assert_eq!(d.len(), 2);
+            assert!(d[0] >= -1.0 && d[0] <= 1.0);
+            assert!(d[1] >= 0.0 && d[1] <= 10.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn real_bounds_equal_bounds_yield_constant() {
+        let mut init = RealBounds::new(vec![(2.5, 2.5)]);
+        let mut rng = rng_from_seed(1);
+        let d = init.initialize(3, &mut rng);
+        assert!(d.iter().all(|v| v == &vec![2.5]));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "lo > hi")]
+    fn real_bounds_invalid_panics() {
+        RealBounds::new(vec![(1.0, 0.0)]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gaussian_mutation_returns_one_child_same_length() {
+        let mut m = GaussianMutation { sigma: 0.1 };
+        let mut rng = rng_from_seed(99);
+        let parents = vec![vec![0.0_f64, 1.0, 2.0]];
+        let children = m.vary(&parents, &mut rng);
+        assert_eq!(children.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(children[0].len(), 3);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "sigma must be positive")]
+    fn gaussian_mutation_zero_sigma_panics() {
+        let mut m = GaussianMutation { sigma: 0.0 };
+        let mut rng = rng_from_seed(1);
+        m.vary(&[vec![0.0]], &mut rng);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "at least one parent")]
+    fn gaussian_mutation_empty_parents_panics() {
+        let mut m = GaussianMutation { sigma: 0.1 };
+        let mut rng = rng_from_seed(1);
+        m.vary(&[] as &[Vec<f64>], &mut rng);
+    }
+}