Fixed assets, fully featured: tags, serials, acquisition links, label sheets, the fixed asset register, and an Assets section in the viewer; fix a flaky verify

- core: asset tags (generated PREFIX-0001 or the human's own; unique ignoring case; never reused by another asset) and serial numbers (rules.md B-24); a journaled link from an asset to the entry that acquired it (posted, unreversed, debiting the cost account); fixed_asset_register(as_of), reconciled to the GL (unposted depreciation, unregistered cost)
- store: asset.tagged, asset.serial_set, asset.acquisition_linked journaled, replayed, projected (schema v9); differs_from now also compares control roles and tag history
- config: [books] asset_tag_prefix, default the company's initials without legal-form words
- import: Avery 5160/8160 label sheets with QR codes (geometry vendored from Avery, docs/spec/sources/avery-5160.md); the register as XLSX and PDF
- mcp: register_asset tags (and links) automatically; books.label_asset, books.asset_labels; asset tools take a tag; books.show asset / assets page / register report; export fixed_asset_register (json, csv, xlsx, pdf) and in the CPA package
- viewer: Assets page (register, reconciliation), asset page (identity, schedule posted vs not, entries, documents), Fixed asset register report, global search by tag/serial/description, journal text, needs-attention items
- fix: verify compared snapshot amounts as strings; a zero total summed in hash-map order could print "0" or "0.00", so agreeing books failed verify at random. Now by value (regression test)
- tests: spec-blind suites for tags, register, prefix, store, MCP; label and register PDF/XLSX tests; viewer tests

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01GWVo7x3UHw5kwCUaWxiejX

crates/ledger-core/src/assets.rs

@@ -68,6 +68,83 @@ pub struct Asset {
     pub expense_account: AccountId,
     /// Lifecycle state.
     pub status: AssetStatus,
+    /// The label on the thing itself, e.g. "WL-0001" (see
+    /// [`check_asset_tag`]); `None` until one is set.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub tag: Option<String>,
+    /// The manufacturer's serial number, if recorded.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub serial: Option<String>,
+    /// The posted entry that put it on the books (its purchase, or a
+    /// member's contribution of it), if linked
+    /// ([`crate::Ledger::set_asset_acquisition`]).
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub acquired_by: Option<crate::EntryId>,
+}
+
+/// The longest asset tag.
+pub const MAX_ASSET_TAG_LEN: usize = 32;
+/// The longest serial number.
+pub const MAX_SERIAL_LEN: usize = 64;
+
+/// Check an asset tag's form: 1 to [`MAX_ASSET_TAG_LEN`] characters, each
+/// an ASCII letter or digit or one of `-` `_` `.` `/`, at least one of
+/// them a letter or digit. Returns why not.
+///
+/// ```text
+/// GOAL: a tag prints on a small label, reads aloud, scans from a QR code,
+///       and types back in exactly.
+/// SOURCE: DECISION (Stephen, 2026-10-15): generated tags ("WL-0001") or
+///         the human's own.
+/// INVARIANTS:
+///   1. Accepted tags contain no spaces, no control or non-ASCII
+///      characters, and at least one letter or digit.
+/// ```
+pub fn check_asset_tag(tag: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if tag.is_empty() {
+        return Err("a tag can't be empty".into());
+    }
+    if tag.len() > MAX_ASSET_TAG_LEN {
+        return Err(format!("a tag is at most {MAX_ASSET_TAG_LEN} characters"));
+    }
+    if let Some(c) = tag
+        .chars()
+        .find(|c| !(c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || matches!(c, '-' | '_' | '.' | '/')))
+    {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "{c:?} can't be in a tag (letters, digits, - _ . / only)"
+        ));
+    }
+    if !tag.chars().any(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric()) {
+        return Err("a tag needs a letter or digit".into());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Check a serial number's form: 1 to [`MAX_SERIAL_LEN`] characters, no
+/// control characters, no leading or trailing space. Returns why not.
+pub fn check_serial(serial: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if serial.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err("a serial number can't be empty".into());
+    }
+    if serial.chars().count() > MAX_SERIAL_LEN {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "a serial number is at most {MAX_SERIAL_LEN} characters"
+        ));
+    }
+    if serial.trim() != serial {
+        return Err("a serial number can't start or end with a space".into());
+    }
+    if serial.chars().any(char::is_control) {
+        return Err("a serial number can't contain control characters".into());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The key tags are compared by: tags are unique ignoring case
+/// ("wl-0001" is "WL-0001").
+pub fn tag_key(tag: &str) -> String {
+    tag.to_ascii_uppercase()
 }
 
 /// Parameters for registering an asset. A struct (not eight arguments)

crates/ledger-core/src/error.rs

@@ -116,6 +116,41 @@ pub enum LedgerError {
         placeholder: bool,
     },
 
+    /// An asset tag of the wrong form (see `assets::check_asset_tag`).
+    #[error("bad asset tag {tag:?}: {why}")]
+    InvalidAssetTag {
+        /// The tag given.
+        tag: String,
+        /// Why it was refused.
+        why: String,
+    },
+
+    /// Asset tags are never shared or reused: another asset holds, or
+    /// held, this one.
+    #[error("asset tag {tag:?} belongs to asset {asset}; tags are never reused, so choose another")]
+    AssetTagTaken {
+        /// The tag given.
+        tag: String,
+        /// The asset that holds or held it.
+        asset: u64,
+    },
+
+    /// An asset's acquisition entry must be a posted, unreversed entry
+    /// that debits the asset's cost account.
+    #[error("entry {entry} can't be asset {asset}'s acquisition: {why}")]
+    AcquisitionEntryMismatch {
+        /// The asset.
+        asset: u64,
+        /// The entry given.
+        entry: u64,
+        /// Why not.
+        why: String,
+    },
+
+    /// A serial number of the wrong form (see `assets::check_serial`).
+    #[error("bad serial number: {0}")]
+    InvalidSerial(String),
+
     /// No control role has that name (see `ledger_core::control_accounts`).
     #[error(
         "no role {0:?}; the roles are receivables, revenue, payables, general_expense, \

crates/ledger-core/src/ledger.rs

@@ -258,6 +258,9 @@ pub struct Ledger {
     /// Control roles assigned an account ([`Ledger::assign_role`]), by
     /// [`ControlAccount::key`]. A role not here uses its code.
     roles: std::collections::BTreeMap<&'static str, AccountId>,
+    /// Every asset tag ever held ([`assets::tag_key`] → the asset that
+    /// held it): a tag never moves to another asset.
+    asset_tags: std::collections::BTreeMap<String, AssetId>,
 }
 
 impl Ledger {
@@ -296,6 +299,7 @@ impl Ledger {
             invoice_payments: HashMap::new(),
             bill_payments: HashMap::new(),
             roles: std::collections::BTreeMap::new(),
+            asset_tags: std::collections::BTreeMap::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -588,6 +592,8 @@ impl Ledger {
                 self.invoice_payments == other.invoice_payments,
             ),
             ("bill_payments", self.bill_payments == other.bill_payments),
+            ("roles", self.roles == other.roles),
+            ("asset_tags", self.asset_tags == other.asset_tags),
         ]
         .into_iter()
         .filter(|(_, same)| !same)
@@ -1450,6 +1456,9 @@ impl Ledger {
                 accum_depr_account: new.accum_depr_account,
                 expense_account: new.expense_account,
                 status: AssetStatus::Active,
+                tag: None,
+                serial: None,
+                acquired_by: None,
             },
         );
         Ok(id)
@@ -1467,6 +1476,168 @@ impl Ledger {
         ids.into_iter().filter_map(|id| self.assets.get(&id))
     }
 
+    /// Give an asset a tag (or a new one): the label on the thing itself.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// GOAL: find an asset in the books from the label on it, and the
+    ///       label from the books.
+    /// SOURCE: DECISION (Stephen, 2026-10-15).
+    /// INVARIANTS:
+    ///   1. Tags are unique among all assets, ignoring case.
+    ///   2. A tag is never reused by another asset, even after the asset
+    ///      that held it was retagged or disposed: an old label never
+    ///      points at the wrong thing. The same asset may take back a tag
+    ///      it held.
+    ///   3. A refusal MUST leave the books unchanged.
+    /// SCENARIOS:
+    ///   1. IF the asset is unknown: SHOULD refuse.
+    ///   2. IF the tag's form is wrong (assets::check_asset_tag): SHOULD
+    ///      refuse with InvalidAssetTag.
+    ///   3. IF another asset holds or held the tag: SHOULD refuse with
+    ///      AssetTagTaken.
+    ///   4. IF the asset already has that tag: SHOULD accept (no change).
+    /// ```
+    pub fn set_asset_tag(&mut self, id: AssetId, tag: &str) -> Result<(), LedgerError> {
+        self.check_asset_tag_for(Some(id), tag)?;
+        self.asset_tags.insert(assets::tag_key(tag), id);
+        self.assets.get_mut(&id).expect("checked").tag = Some(tag.to_string());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether `tag` can go on asset `id` (`None`: on an asset not yet
+    /// registered), for stores that journal before mutating.
+    pub fn check_asset_tag_for(&self, id: Option<AssetId>, tag: &str) -> Result<(), LedgerError> {
+        if let Some(id) = id
+            && !self.assets.contains_key(&id)
+        {
+            return Err(LedgerError::UnknownAsset(id));
+        }
+        assets::check_asset_tag(tag).map_err(|why| LedgerError::InvalidAssetTag {
+            tag: tag.to_string(),
+            why,
+        })?;
+        match self.asset_tags.get(&assets::tag_key(tag)) {
+            Some(&holder) if Some(holder) != id => Err(LedgerError::AssetTagTaken {
+                tag: tag.to_string(),
+                asset: holder,
+            }),
+            _ => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Record (or, with `None`, clear) an asset's serial number.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// GOAL: keep the manufacturer's serial with the asset, for warranty,
+    ///       insurance, and proving which thing the books mean.
+    /// SOURCE: DECISION (Stephen, 2026-10-15).
+    /// SCENARIOS:
+    ///   1. IF the asset is unknown, or the serial's form is wrong
+    ///      (assets::check_serial): SHOULD refuse, changing nothing.
+    /// ```
+    pub fn set_asset_serial(
+        &mut self,
+        id: AssetId,
+        serial: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(), LedgerError> {
+        self.check_asset_serial(id, serial)?;
+        self.assets.get_mut(&id).expect("checked").serial = serial.map(str::to_string);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The validation behind [`Self::set_asset_serial`].
+    pub fn check_asset_serial(&self, id: AssetId, serial: Option<&str>) -> Result<(), LedgerError> {
+        if !self.assets.contains_key(&id) {
+            return Err(LedgerError::UnknownAsset(id));
+        }
+        if let Some(s) = serial {
+            assets::check_serial(s).map_err(LedgerError::InvalidSerial)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Link an asset to the posted entry that put it on the books: its
+    /// purchase, or a member's contribution of it.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// GOAL: from an asset, its source document and capital entry; from
+    ///       the entry, the asset.
+    /// SOURCE: DECISION (Stephen, 2026-10-15).
+    /// INVARIANTS:
+    ///   1. The linked entry is posted, is not a reversal, has not been
+    ///      reversed, and debits the asset's cost account.
+    ///   2. A refusal MUST leave the books unchanged.
+    /// SCENARIOS:
+    ///   1. IF the asset or entry is unknown, or the entry fails 1: SHOULD
+    ///      refuse with AcquisitionEntryMismatch (or UnknownAsset /
+    ///      UnknownEntry).
+    ///   2. IF a later correction reverses the linked entry: link the
+    ///      replacement (a reversed link stays as history in the journal).
+    /// ```
+    pub fn set_asset_acquisition(
+        &mut self,
+        id: AssetId,
+        entry: EntryId,
+    ) -> Result<(), LedgerError> {
+        self.check_asset_acquisition(id, entry)?;
+        self.assets.get_mut(&id).expect("checked").acquired_by = Some(entry);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// The validation behind [`Self::set_asset_acquisition`].
+    pub fn check_asset_acquisition(&self, id: AssetId, entry: EntryId) -> Result<(), LedgerError> {
+        let asset = self.assets.get(&id).ok_or(LedgerError::UnknownAsset(id))?;
+        let e = self
+            .entries
+            .get(&entry)
+            .ok_or(LedgerError::UnknownEntry(entry))?;
+        let why = if e.status() != crate::EntryStatus::Posted {
+            Some("it isn't posted")
+        } else if e.reversal_of().is_some() {
+            Some("it is a reversal")
+        } else if self
+            .entries
+            .values()
+            .any(|x| x.reversal_of() == Some(entry))
+        {
+            Some("it has been reversed")
+        } else if !e
+            .lines()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|l| l.account == asset.cost_account && l.side == Side::Debit)
+        {
+            Some("it doesn't debit the asset's cost account")
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        match why {
+            Some(why) => Err(LedgerError::AcquisitionEntryMismatch {
+                asset: id,
+                entry,
+                why: why.to_string(),
+            }),
+            None => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The asset whose current tag is `tag`, ignoring case.
+    pub fn asset_by_tag(&self, tag: &str) -> Option<&Asset> {
+        let id = self.asset_tags.get(&assets::tag_key(tag))?;
+        self.assets
+            .get(id)
+            .filter(|a| a.tag.as_deref().map(assets::tag_key) == Some(assets::tag_key(tag)))
+    }
+
+    /// The first free generated tag, `PREFIX-0001`, `PREFIX-0002`, ...:
+    /// the lowest number no asset holds or held under that prefix.
+    /// Numbers past 9999 widen.
+    pub fn next_asset_tag(&self, prefix: &str) -> String {
+        (1u64..)
+            .map(|n| format!("{prefix}-{n:04}"))
+            .find(|t| !self.asset_tags.contains_key(&assets::tag_key(t)))
+            .expect("some number is free")
+    }
+
     /// Mark an asset disposed. The disposal *entry* is posted through the
     /// normal machinery by the caller; this records the lifecycle change.
     ///

crates/ledger-core/src/lib.rs

@@ -61,11 +61,12 @@ pub use periods::{
     CloseTo, MemberClose, MemberCloseRecord, Period, PeriodId, PeriodStatus, RETAINED_EARNINGS_CODE,
 };
 pub use reports::{
-    BalanceSheet, BalanceSheetStatement, CashFlowLine, CashFlowParams, CashFlowStatement,
-    ClassProfitAndLoss, GeneralLedger, LedgerAccount, LedgerPosting, MemberCapital,
-    MemberEquityColumn, MembersEquityStatement, ProfitAndLoss, ProfitAndLossStatement,
-    StatementLine, TrialBalance, TrialBalanceLine, balance_sheet_as_of, cash_flow, general_ledger,
-    members_equity, profit_and_loss_for_period, trial_balance_as_of,
+    AssetRegister, AssetRegisterRow, BalanceSheet, BalanceSheetStatement, CashFlowLine,
+    CashFlowParams, CashFlowStatement, ClassProfitAndLoss, GeneralLedger, LedgerAccount,
+    LedgerPosting, MemberCapital, MemberEquityColumn, MembersEquityStatement, ProfitAndLoss,
+    ProfitAndLossStatement, StatementLine, TrialBalance, TrialBalanceLine, balance_sheet_as_of,
+    cash_flow, fixed_asset_register, general_ledger, members_equity, profit_and_loss_for_period,
+    trial_balance_as_of,
 };
 pub use schedules::{
     AmortizationSchedule, Frequency, NewRecurring, NewSchedule, RecurringEntry, RecurringId,

crates/ledger-core/src/reports.rs

@@ -1038,27 +1038,32 @@ pub fn snapshot(ledger: &Ledger) -> Result<serde_json::Value, LedgerError> {
     let tb = trial_balance(ledger);
     let pl = unclosed_earnings(ledger)?;
     let bs = balance_sheet(ledger)?;
+    // By value, not by written scale: a sum taken in hash-map order can
+    // write the same zero as "0" or "0.00", and verify compared the
+    // strings, so two equal ledgers could differ at random (found
+    // 2026-10-15 by a flaky store test).
+    let v = |d: Decimal| d.normalize().to_string();
     Ok(serde_json::json!({
         "trial_balance": {
             "lines": tb.lines.iter().map(|l| serde_json::json!({
                 "code": l.code,
                 "name": l.name,
-                "debit": l.debit.to_string(),
-                "credit": l.credit.to_string(),
+                "debit": v(l.debit),
+                "credit": v(l.credit),
             })).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-            "total_debits": tb.total_debits.to_string(),
-            "total_credits": tb.total_credits.to_string(),
+            "total_debits": v(tb.total_debits),
+            "total_credits": v(tb.total_credits),
         },
         "profit_and_loss": {
-            "revenue": pl.revenue.to_string(),
-            "expenses": pl.expenses.to_string(),
-            "net_income": pl.net_income().to_string(),
+            "revenue": v(pl.revenue),
+            "expenses": v(pl.expenses),
+            "net_income": v(pl.net_income()),
         },
         "balance_sheet": {
-            "assets": bs.assets.to_string(),
-            "liabilities": bs.liabilities.to_string(),
-            "equity": bs.equity.to_string(),
-            "current_earnings": bs.current_earnings.to_string(),
+            "assets": v(bs.assets),
+            "liabilities": v(bs.liabilities),
+            "equity": v(bs.equity),
+            "current_earnings": v(bs.current_earnings),
             "balanced": bs.balanced(),
         },
     }))
@@ -1524,3 +1529,159 @@ pub fn cash_flow(
         cash_ending,
     })
 }
+
+/// One asset on the fixed asset register.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AssetRegisterRow {
+    /// Asset id.
+    pub asset_id: crate::AssetId,
+    /// Its tag, if it has one.
+    pub tag: Option<String>,
+    /// What it is.
+    pub description: String,
+    /// The manufacturer's serial number, if recorded.
+    pub serial: Option<String>,
+    /// Placed in service (depreciation starts).
+    pub in_service: NaiveDate,
+    /// Capitalized cost.
+    pub cost: Decimal,
+    /// Salvage value.
+    pub salvage: Decimal,
+    /// Useful life in months.
+    pub useful_life_months: u32,
+    /// Accumulated depreciation by its schedule through the date (zero once
+    /// disposed: it left the books with the asset).
+    pub accumulated: Decimal,
+    /// Cost less accumulated (zero once disposed).
+    pub book_value: Decimal,
+    /// Disposal date and proceeds, if disposed by the date.
+    pub disposed: Option<(NaiveDate, Decimal)>,
+}
+
+/// The fixed asset register as of a date, reconciled to the general ledger.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AssetRegister {
+    /// The date.
+    pub as_of: NaiveDate,
+    /// Every asset registered by the date, in registration order; disposed
+    /// ones carry their disposal and no cost on the books.
+    pub rows: Vec<AssetRegisterRow>,
+    /// Total cost of the assets still held.
+    pub total_cost: Decimal,
+    /// Their accumulated depreciation by schedule.
+    pub total_accumulated: Decimal,
+    /// Their book value.
+    pub total_book_value: Decimal,
+    /// The general ledger's balance (debit positive) of the assets' cost
+    /// accounts on the date.
+    pub ledger_cost: Decimal,
+    /// The general ledger's accumulated depreciation (credit positive) in
+    /// the assets' accumulated depreciation accounts on the date.
+    pub ledger_accumulated: Decimal,
+}
+
+impl AssetRegister {
+    /// Depreciation the schedules say is due by the date but the books
+    /// don't carry yet (run `run_depreciation`); negative if the books
+    /// carry more.
+    pub fn unposted_depreciation(&self) -> Decimal {
+        self.total_accumulated - self.ledger_accumulated
+    }
+
+    /// Cost in the ledger's cost accounts that no held asset accounts for
+    /// (equipment bought but not registered), or negative if registered
+    /// cost isn't in the books.
+    pub fn unregistered_cost(&self) -> Decimal {
+        self.ledger_cost - self.total_cost
+    }
+}
+
+/// The fixed asset register as of a date.
+///
+/// ```text
+/// GOAL: one list of everything the company owns as a fixed asset: what,
+///       which label, cost, depreciation, book value, and whether the
+///       books agree.
+/// SOURCE: docs/spec/rules.md B-15 (depreciation); DECISION (Stephen,
+///         2026-10-15): a fully featured asset register.
+/// INVARIANTS:
+///   1. Rows: the assets registered on or before as_of, in registration
+///      order; an asset disposed on or before as_of shows its disposal,
+///      zero accumulated and book value, and counts in no total.
+///   2. accumulated is the asset's schedule through as_of
+///      (assets::accumulated_depreciation); book_value = cost −
+///      accumulated.
+///   3. Totals are the sums over the held assets, exactly.
+///   4. ledger_cost and ledger_accumulated are the general ledger's
+///      balances on as_of of the distinct cost and accumulated
+///      depreciation accounts of the registered assets, so
+///      unposted_depreciation and unregistered_cost are zero exactly when
+///      register and books agree.
+/// ```
+pub fn fixed_asset_register(ledger: &Ledger, as_of: NaiveDate) -> AssetRegister {
+    use crate::AssetStatus;
+    let mut rows = Vec::new();
+    let (mut cost, mut accumulated) = (Decimal::ZERO, Decimal::ZERO);
+    let mut cost_accounts = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+    let mut accum_accounts = std::collections::BTreeSet::new();
+    for a in ledger
+        .registered_assets()
+        .filter(|a| a.purchase_date <= as_of)
+    {
+        cost_accounts.insert(a.cost_account);
+        accum_accounts.insert(a.accum_depr_account);
+        let disposed = match &a.status {
+            AssetStatus::Disposed { date, proceeds } if *date <= as_of => {
+                Some((*date, proceeds.amount))
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        let acc = if disposed.is_some() {
+            Decimal::ZERO
+        } else {
+            crate::assets::accumulated_depreciation(a, as_of)
+        };
+        if disposed.is_none() {
+            cost += a.cost.amount;
+            accumulated += acc;
+        }
+        rows.push(AssetRegisterRow {
+            asset_id: a.id,
+            tag: a.tag.clone(),
+            description: a.description.clone(),
+            serial: a.serial.clone(),
+            in_service: a.purchase_date,
+            cost: a.cost.amount,
+            salvage: a.salvage_value.amount,
+            useful_life_months: a.useful_life_months,
+            accumulated: acc,
+            book_value: if disposed.is_some() {
+                Decimal::ZERO
+            } else {
+                a.cost.amount - acc
+            },
+            disposed,
+        });
+    }
+    let tb = trial_balance_as_of(ledger, as_of);
+    let net = |id: crate::AccountId| -> Decimal {
+        let code = match ledger.chart().get(id) {
+            Some(a) => &a.code,
+            None => return Decimal::ZERO,
+        };
+        tb.lines
+            .iter()
+            .find(|l| &l.code == code)
+            .map(|l| l.debit - l.credit)
+            .unwrap_or(Decimal::ZERO)
+    };
+    AssetRegister {
+        as_of,
+        rows,
+        total_cost: cost,
+        total_accumulated: accumulated,
+        total_book_value: cost - accumulated,
+        ledger_cost: cost_accounts.iter().map(|&id| net(id)).sum(),
+        ledger_accumulated: -accum_accounts.iter().map(|&id| net(id)).sum::<Decimal>(),
+    }
+}