# Rule catalog

Every rule the engine enforces, the authority for it, and what checks it.
Status is **AUTHORITY** (a source states the rule), **CONVENTION** (common
practice no authority states; the best reference is given), or
**DECISION** (a human chose, and when). Vendored sources are in
`sources/`; FASB and OpenStax are quoted briefly under their copyright and
license (see `README.md`). Quotes from FASB's Codification were read in
Deloitte's DART roadmaps, which reproduce it ("FASB Accounting Standards
Codification: Copyright © 2005 - 2026 by Financial Accounting
Foundation").

Spec blocks in the code cite these as `SOURCE: rules.md B-n`.

---

## B-1 Every entry is a double entry: debits equal credits

**Status:** AUTHORITY

- Pacioli ch. 36 (`sources/pacioli-1494.md`): "All entries made in the
  ledger have to be double entries — that is, if you make one creditor,
  you must make some one debtor."
- IRS Pub. 583 (`sources/irs-records.md`): "It is self-balancing because you
  record every transaction as a debit entry in one account and as a credit
  entry in another. Under this system, the total debits must equal the
  total credits after you post the journal entries to the ledger accounts."

**Enforced:** `kernel::check_lines` via `JournalEntry::validate` (two or
more lines, debits = credits exactly). A line's account must exist and
take postings when the line is added, not only at post: DECISION
(the owner, 2026-10-13), `Ledger::add_line`
(`a_line_on_an_unknown_or_placeholder_account_is_refused_when_added`). **Checked:** Kani
`check_lines_is_exact`, `accepted_entry_nets_to_zero`; Lean
`Accepted.net_zero`; property `prop_posted_entries_balance`.

## B-2 A line's amount is positive; its side gives the direction

**Status:** CONVENTION

Pacioli keeps amounts in a debit column and a credit column (ch. 36: "All
the creditors must appear in the Ledger at the right hand side, and all the
debtors at the left"); the side, not a sign, says which way money moves. No
authority forbids a negative amount outright; wanderbooks refuses them so
that every line reads one way (2026-10-13, found by the formal pass).

**Enforced:** `kernel::check_lines` (`NegativeAmountLine`, `ZeroAmountLine`).
**Checked:** Kani `check_lines_is_exact`; test
`negative_amount_line_is_rejected`.

## B-3 One money through the ledger; foreign amounts at the transaction-date rate

**Status:** AUTHORITY

- Pacioli ch. 36: "the money that you reckon by at the beginning should be
  the same all through the Ledger."
- ASC 830-20-30-1 (cited): "each asset, liability, revenue, expense, gain,
  or loss arising from the transaction shall be measured initially in the
  functional currency of the recording entity by use of the exchange rate
  in effect at that date."

A foreign line is booked in the base currency's smallest unit (ISO 4217
minor units, `sources/iso-4217.md`), half away from zero; a ledger in one
money holds no fractions of its smallest unit, and its cash can then
match a bank statement: DECISION (the owner, 2026-10-13), after the GnuCash
cross-check found wanderbooks kept $108.34567 where GnuCash booked
$108.35. Lines booked before then replay as booked.

**Enforced:** `Ledger::add_line` (base currency only, no fraction of the
minor unit), `Ledger::add_line_fx` (base amount = foreign amount × rate,
rounded to the minor unit; original kept), `Ledger::post_entry` (every
line, whatever made it: payroll, closes, disposals; `FinerThanMinorUnit`,
since 2026-10-13 after a payroll run posted $65.27794). Journals from
before replay as booked (`replay_post_entry`). **Checked:**
`a_foreign_line_is_booked_in_whole_base_units`,
`no_entry_posts_a_fraction_of_the_minor_unit`; the GnuCash oracle.
**Checked:** `foreign_currency_line_is_rejected`, `fx_overflow_is_an_error`.

## B-4 Five elements, closed list

**Status:** AUTHORITY (definitions); the five-type chart is CONVENTION

FASB Concepts Statement No. 8, Ch. 4 (2021), which replaced Concepts
Statement 6 (cited): E16 "An asset is a present right of an entity to an
economic benefit." E37 "A liability is a present obligation of an entity to
transfer an economic benefit." E61 equity is "the residual interest in the
assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities." E80
revenues "are inflows or other enhancements of assets … or settlements of
its liabilities … from delivering or producing goods, rendering services,
or carrying out other activities." E81 expenses "are outflows or other
using up of assets … or incurrences of its liabilities …".

**Enforced:** `AccountType` (five variants). A child account has its
parent's type: DECISION (the owner, 2026-10-13), `Ledger::add_account`
(`ParentTypeMismatch`). **Checked:** `a_child_account_has_its_parents_type`.

## B-5 Normal balances

**Status:** CONVENTION

No standard defines normal balances. OpenStax, *Principles of Accounting,
Vol. 1* §3.1 (cited; "Access for free at openstax.org"): "As assets and
expenses increase on the debit side, their normal balance is a debit…
Since liabilities, equity (such as common stock), and revenues increase
with a credit, their 'normal' balance is a credit." Pacioli ch. 12: capital
"must always be placed as creditor … and the cash always debtor."

**Enforced:** `AccountType::normal_side`, `kernel::normal_balance`.
**Checked:** Kani `normal_balance_is_signed`, `normal_side_increases`; Lean
`balance_after_line`.

## B-6 The trial balance balances

**Status:** AUTHORITY

Pacioli ch. 36: "the total of the credits — I do not say creditors —
should be equal to the total of the debits — I do not say debtors. If they
were not equal there would be a mistake in the Ledger." IRS Pub. 583 (B-1).

**Enforced:** follows from B-1. **Checked:** Kani `trial_balance_columns`;
Lean `trial_balance_iff`, `Reachable.trial_balance`,
`Reachable.trial_balance_through`; properties.

## B-7 The accounting equation

**Status:** AUTHORITY

CON 8 Ch. 4 ¶E62 (cited): equity "is the difference between the entity's
assets and its liabilities." On a live book, income not yet closed is part
of equity (B-11).

**Checked:** Kani `accounting_equation`; Lean `accounting_equation`,
`Reachable.accounting_equation[_through]`; property
`prop_balance_sheet_balances`.

## B-8 Posted is forever: the book is written only forward

**Status:** AUTHORITY

- Pacioli ch. 36: "You should not write backward, but always forward —
  that is, go forward as the days go, which never come back. If you do
  otherwise, the book would be untrue."
- German Commercial Code (HGB) §239(3) (cited; official English
  translation): "An entry or a documented record may not be modified such
  that it is no longer possible to establish its original content."
- Rev. Proc. 98-25 (`sources/irs-records.md`): machine-sensible records
  must keep the audit trail.

**Enforced:** posted entries immutable; the journal is append-only and
hash-chained. **Checked:** Lean `Step.extends`, `Steps.extends`; property
`prop_posted_entries_immutable`; store `journal_tamper_is_detected`.

## B-9 A mistake is corrected by an opposite entry, never erased

**Status:** AUTHORITY

Pacioli ch. 31 (the *storno*): "you shall make another entry opposite this
one in the credit for the same amount … After you have made this
correction it is just as if you had written nothing in the debit column."
Ch. 36: "Mark with a cross or with an "H" that special entry, and then make
an entry on the opposite side under the same account."

**Enforced:** `Ledger::reverse_entry` (same lines, sides flipped, linked by
`reversal_of`). **Checked:** Kani `reversal_mirrors`, `reversal_cancels`;
Lean `accepted_reversal_iff`, `movement_with_reversal`.

## B-10 An entry is reversed at most once; a closing entry never

**Status:** DECISION (the owner, 2026-10-13)

Follows from B-9 (a correction corrects once) and B-11 (a closed period
stays closed). **Enforced:** `Ledger::check_reversal`. **Checked:**
`an_entry_is_reversed_at_most_once`, `a_closing_entry_is_never_reversed`.

## B-11 Revenue and expenses close into profit and loss, and that into capital

**Status:** AUTHORITY (mechanics); the account the net lands in depends on
the entity

- Pacioli ch. 34: "you shall close this account into the capital account";
  ch. 27: profit and loss "must then be transferred for its closing (saldo)
  into the capital account."
- OpenStax §5.1 (cited): "Temporary (nominal) accounts are accounts that
  are closed at the end of each accounting period." Corporations close into
  retained earnings; partnerships into each partner's capital (B-13).

**Enforced:** `Ledger::close_period_to`. **Checked:** Kani
`closing_line_zeroes`, `closing_entry_balances`; Lean
`closingEntry_zeroes`, `closingEntry_accepted`, `close_zeroes`,
`close_credits_net_income`; `a_close_sweeps_only_through_the_period_end`.

## B-12 A closed period takes no new postings; periods close in order

**Status:** CONVENTION

Periods themselves: IRS Pub. 538 (`sources/irs-periods-and-methods.md`)
defines the tax year, calendar and fiscal. Locking a closed period and
closing in order are practice (and follow from B-8: a closed period's
book is not rewritten). Periods nest (a month in a quarter in a year)
and never partially overlap: DECISION (the owner, 2026-10-13),
`Ledger::create_period` (`PeriodsOverlap`;
`periods_nest_but_never_partially_overlap`). **Enforced:** `closed_period_containing`,
`CloseOutOfOrder`, `Store::rehearse`. **Checked:** Lean `Steps.frozen`;
store property `refused_commands_never_reach_the_journal` (no draft in a
closed period).

## B-13 Partners share income by the partnership agreement; capital accounts carry it

**Status:** AUTHORITY (shares; capital accounts; a count ends where the
members or shares change: §706(d)(1), Treas. Reg. §1.706-4(a)); DECISION
(cent rounding, the owner 2026-10-13); DECISION (counted from the company's
first close, D-10, 2026-10-16); DECISION (the statement splits unclosed
earnings the same running way, D-38, 2026-10-20)

- 26 U.S.C. §704(a) (`sources/irs-partnerships.md`): "A partner's
  distributive share of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit shall,
  except as otherwise provided in this chapter, be determined by the
  partnership agreement."
- Treas. Reg. §1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(b) (`sources/irs-partnerships.md`): each
  partner's capital account "is increased by … (3) allocations to him of
  partnership income and gain" and "is decreased by … (7) allocations of
  partnership loss and deduction", beside the money and property
  contributed and distributed. A capital account is one running balance of
  contributions, allocations and distributions: the closes are the
  allocations.
- Form 1065 Schedule M-2: "Show what caused changes during the tax year in
  the partners' tax-basis capital accounts." Schedule K-1 Item L reports
  each partner's capital account "using the tax-basis method"; that
  analysis "is based on the partnership's books and records" (the Partner's
  Instructions' Basis Limitations section, `sources/irs-partnerships.md`;
  not Item L, which an earlier version of this rule spliced in). The K-1
  worksheet is the book capital analysis, which the CPA converts for
  Item L.
- **No authority** says how to round a share to the cent. Largest
  remainder, ties to the member listed first: DECISION (the owner,
  2026-10-13). Closes made before then replay with the last member
  absorbing it.
- **Members closes split cumulatively, counted from the company's first
  close** (P3 defect 17; D-10). A *count* is the members closes with one
  set of (capital account, share) pairs, from the first such close since
  the last members close with another set: closes to retained earnings or
  to one account are skipped (they allocate nothing to the members), and
  neither the members' order nor their distribution accounts matter. Each
  close gives member *i* allocate(C + net)*ᵢ* − given*ᵢ*: their split of
  everything the count has closed (C before it, plus its own net), to the
  base currency's minor unit (cents, whole yen, thousandths of a dinar;
  B-3; for a code ISO 4217 gives none, such as gold, the finest a line
  carries, `kernel::MAX_LINE_SCALE` places, so every amount is still whole
  units), less what the count's earlier closes gave them under whatever
  rule they were made. A tied odd unit goes to the member the count's
  first close listed first, whatever order later closes list the members
  in, so a reorder of the members moves no cent; the statement below
  breaks ties the same way, on a day before a count's first close in the
  order of the count the next members close begins. Therefore each close hands out
  exactly its net; after every close that posts, each member's total from
  the count is one split of the count's total, under one minor unit from
  their exact share; and rounding by closes made under earlier rules is
  trued up by the first close that posts (D-10: from inception; listed in
  the close's `members`). The true-up is under a unit per member for each
  break in an earlier run and each per-close close; a last-absorbs close
  rounded each member but the last to within half a unit, and the last
  absorbed up to half a unit for each of the others (a unit with three
  members, more with four or more).
  - A change of members or shares starts a new count (26 U.S.C.
    §706(d)(1): a year's distributive shares are determined by a method
    "which takes into account the varying interests of the partners in the
    partnership during such taxable year"; Treas. Reg. §1.706-4(a)(3)(vii):
    the partnership "shall treat each segment as though the segment were a
    separate distributive share period"). Income closed under
    the old shares is never split again under the new ones. So the bound
    holds per count: across k changes a member's total can be up to one
    unit per count from the sum of their exact shares (the D-10 lifetime
    bound holds while members and shares are unchanged).
  - A true-up rides only on a close that posts an entry (income to close,
    or a distribution to sweep): a close that posts nothing credits no one,
    and the true-up waits for the next close that posts (close INVARIANT
    5: never post a closing entry when there is nothing to close).
  - The bound's precondition: every amount is a whole number of minor
    units (B-3: every posted line is), and every product |total| × share
    is exact. A product Decimal would round (a share of many decimal places
    times a large total) is refused, never split
    (`periods::allocate_cumulative` INVARIANT 4). Replaying a journal from
    before B-3, a sub-unit fraction can make the bound two units.
  - A year's income per member is the difference of two running totals,
    each under a unit from exact, so under two units from share × the
    year's income; the return is in whole dollars ("Rounding on the
    return", `sources/irs-partnerships.md`).
  - A period closes at the shares in force at the close: a share change
    inside a period isn't split at its date (§706(d) and §1.706-4 would);
    close the period at the change.
  - Journaled `"rounding": "cumulative_since"` with `"since_seq": N`, the
    close the count starts at, under the journal feature
    `members_cumulative` (B-27); replay derives N again and refuses a close
    journaled with another. Closes journaled `"cumulative"` (the run rule of
    2026-10-13 to P3: a back-to-back run with the same members in the same
    order, restarted by any other close, so a tied cent could go to the
    same member at every restart), `"largest_remainder"` (each close on its
    own) and none (the last member absorbs) replay under their own rules,
    never changed (B-8).
- A capital account is one running balance (§1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(b)). So the
  statement of members' equity, the K-1 worksheet and the viewer split
  undistributed earnings U as of each date the way the count's next close
  would split them: allocate(C(d) + U(d)) − allocate(C(d)), C(d) being what
  the count's closes dated on or before d closed (D-38; P3 review R-1). A
  member's capital on a date never moves when a period ending on or before
  it is later closed; a true-up of rounding by closes made under an earlier
  rule shows only once a close posts it, dated at that close. A
  statement's beginning is as of the day before its period, its ending as
  of its last day: a member's ending on one statement is their beginning on
  the next, to the unit, and a member's period income is the roll-forward's
  remainder (their share within a rounding unit at each end).
- A correction undoes what it corrects (B-9): an entry and its reversal
  both in a statement's span are neither contributions nor
  distributions (`reports::cancelled_in_span`; the K-1 worksheet reads
  the same). The K-1 worksheet's contributed property (Item L) is what
  the member owned and handed over, with its own basis (§723): a prepaid
  service contract credited straight to capital is property (a contract
  handed over), while a prepaid service they paid a vendor for on the
  company's behalf, booked through Due to Shareholders (Dr prepaid / Cr
  2100, then Dr 2100 / Cr capital), is cash (DECISION, the owner,
  2026-10-15); and it is shared among
  members credited in one entry in proportion to their credits
  (`k1` INVARIANTS 3, 4, 6).

**Enforced:** `CloseTo::Members`, `CloseTo::MembersCumulative`,
`Ledger::members_regime`, `Regime::allocate`,
`periods::allocate_cumulative`, `kernel::apportion_cumulative`,
`periods::allocate`, `kernel::apportion`, `members_equity`,
`Store::close_period_to` (the feature declaration), the store's
`close_to_from_journal`. **Checked:** Kani `apportion_is_exact`,
`apportion_is_fair`, `apportion_cumulative_is_exact`,
`cumulative_close_never_drifts_a_unit_at_halves`, `_at_tenths`,
`_at_near_thirds`,
`cumulative_closing_entry_balances`; Lean `runPart_telescopes`,
`closePart_total`, `trueUp_total`, `trueUp_running`,
`closePart_eq_trueUp`, `cumulative_drift`, `statement_after_close`,
`statement_unmoved_by_close`, `Apportion.rem_pos_of_rank_lt`,
`apportion_drift`, `allocW_sum`, `allocW_drift`,
`allocW_cumulative_drift`, `allocW_cumulative_total`; properties
`prop_split_*`, `each_members_capital_chains_across_statements`,
`each_member_stays_within_a_cent_of_their_share`,
`members_capital_never_drifts_a_cent_from_their_share`,
`each_members_capital_chains_and_holds_through_closes`,
`period_ends_rise_with_close_order`, `apportion_cumulative_agrees`,
`allocate_cumulative_agrees_with_the_integer_model`;
`the_audit_odd_cent_never_piles_up_across_closes` and the rest of
`ledger-core` `tests/odd_cent.rs`; `a_run_of_closes_never_piles_up_rounding`,
`a_different_close_ends_a_legacy_run`,
`a_different_close_no_longer_restarts_the_count`,
`members_closes_replay_under_the_rule_they_were_journaled_with`,
`ledger-store` `tests/member_closes.rs` and the old-books fixture
`x_member_closes`; `closes_journaled_under_the_old_rule_replay_with_it`;
`ledger-mcp` `close_period_shows_each_members_running_split`,
`old_books_name_each_closes_rule_and_true_up_at_the_next_close`;
`ledger-gui` `a_members_page_shows_the_same_capital_before_and_after_a_close`,
`a_yen_members_page_splits_in_whole_yen`; the bookspec examples
`members-close.*`.

## B-14 Statements: P&L for a period; cash flows by the direct method

**Status:** AUTHORITY, except where marked CONVENTION or DECISION

The P&L covers a period; a closing entry is not income or spending
(B-11), so period statements exclude it.

The statement of cash flows (P3 defect 1, D-35, D-42; the paragraphs were read
in public sources that reproduce the Codification, `sources/fasb-asc.md`):

1. **Cash receipts and payments.** The statement reports "the cash
   effects" of operations, investing and financing (ASC 230-10-45-1; its
   objective, 10-1: "cash receipts and cash payments"). An entry
   contributes to the body only its net movement of the cash accounts,
   and what a member or a lender paid or received for it (rule 11, which
   nets to zero within the entry); an entry that moves neither
   contributes nothing; a transfer between two cash accounts is no flow. The period is [start, end], inclusive. The
   cash accounts are every account holding cash, cash equivalents or
   restricted cash: the statement explains the change in their total
   (45-4, as ASU 2016-18 amended it), and transfers among them "are not
   reported as cash flow activities" (45-5). Which accounts those are is
   the books' `books.cash_accounts`.
2. **Partition.** Every receipt and payment is investing, financing or
   operating (45-10), so every non-cash account is in exactly one section:
   investing (the cost and accumulated-depreciation accounts of every
   registered fixed asset, and `books.investing_accounts`); financing
   (equity, and `books.financing_accounts`); operating (every other
   balance-sheet account, and revenue and expense, but see rule 4). The
   roles must agree with the chart and each other, or the statement is
   refused with the setting to change: cash and investing accounts are
   assets; financing accounts are liabilities (equity listed is accepted:
   it is financing anyway); no code twice in a list or in two lists; no
   registered asset's account as cash; at least one cash account. One
   check (`cashflow::role_problems`) is behind both the refusal and
   `books.settings`' problems.
3. **Only the cash portion** of a part-cash transaction is reported
   (50-5). An entry's cash `c` is applied to the sections moving against
   it, in the order operating, investing, financing, each up to its own
   movement; what is left of a section's movement is the entry's noncash
   part, disclosed (rule 7). CONVENTION: the order (the ASC is silent on
   allocating within one entry); it matters only for an entry with a
   noncash source and two or more sections paid by cash, and is disclosed.
   Within a section the same order splits the cash among its kinds (rule
   5).
4. **Gains and losses on investing assets are investing**: receipts from
   sales of PP&E are investing (45-12(c)), so the whole proceeds are, and
   the gain or loss is taken out of net income (45-28(b)). In an entry that
   credits a registered cost account or an investing account, the revenue
   and expense lines are investing, except interest, received or paid (tax
   categories `interest_income` and `interest_expense`): interest is
   operating in any entry (45-16(b), 45-17(d)). The trigger is broad (a
   return, a reclass or an impairment credits the cost account too), so the
   reconciling line reads "(Gain) loss and other noncash changes in
   investing assets".
5. **Gross lines by kind** (45-7; investing and financing inflows and
   outflows "reported separately", 45-26). One line per entry, section and
   kind, with the entry, date, label and the kind's accounts. Operating
   lines carry the class 45-25 requires "at a minimum" (a)-(g), kind by
   kind within the entry, by the direction of the cash: the cash an
   entry's `interest_income` lines take is (b) interest received, and its
   `interest_expense` lines' (e) interest paid, whatever else the entry
   settles (a loan payment on an operating payable is (d) for the
   principal and (e) for the interest, never all (e)); the rest of its
   operating cash, by its other operating lines: a receipt is (a) if a
   line is revenue or the receivables control, or the entry's party is a
   customer, else (c); a payment is (g) if every such line is on an
   account whose tax category is `taxes_licenses` (payments to
   governments for taxes and fees are 45-17(c), apart from suppliers'
   45-17(b); 45-25 names only income taxes, (f)), else (d) if a line is
   an expense, a liability or a non-receivables asset, else (g). (Interest paid back out
   is (g); interest refunded to the company, (c).) The operating cash is
   split among these kinds as a section's among its kinds (rule 3), in
   the order: the rest, interest received, interest paid (CONVENTION).
   Class (f) stays empty until a tax category marks an entity-level income
   tax (a
   partnership pays none "as such", IRC §701, but can under §6225 or a
   state pass-through election). Investing and financing kinds (D-35):
   purchases and sales of property and equipment, payments for and
   collections on each investing account, contributions from and
   distributions to each member (by name; equity not a member's by
   account), proceeds of and repayments of each financing liability. An
   original's direction is its nature (45-15(a): cash out of equity is a
   distribution). The printed statement and the viewer show operating one
   row per class, and investing and financing one row per kind with its
   total, each transaction listed under it (D-35); `books.cash_flow` and
   the exports carry every line. Known limits: an entry's other operating
   lines take one class, so its mixed receipts and payments other than
   interest net within it; class (b) relies on portfolio interest being
   categorized `interest_income` (interest receivable collected is (c)).
6. **Reversals.** A reversal takes its chain root's sections, class and
   kind, with its own sign (`Ledger::reversal_chain`). Pairing walks each
   chain from its root: an entry and its reversal both in the period drop
   out of every line and disclosure, when their flows are exact negatives
   (proved, and checked at runtime), so a reversal of a reversal whose
   partner is paired is shown. A reversal shown alone is labelled
   "Reversal of #N — <N's description>", a reinstatement "Reinstatement
   of #A (reverses #B)", listed under the original's kind: never a label
   from a reversal's sign (D1-c).
7. **Noncash investing and financing activities are disclosed** (50-3,
   50-4; placement, 50-6). Disclosed: every entry not netted whose noncash
   part moves financing, or moves investing through an account that is
   neither accumulated depreciation nor a rule-4 P&L line, or that
   exchanges inside investing and financing without cash (50-4's
   "converting debt to equity", a note for equipment, a trade-in): `x =
   max(0, min(D - out, C - in))` over the net debits `D` and credits `C`
   of its investing and financing balance-sheet accounts, `in` and `out`
   the cash those two sections took in and paid out, what a member or
   lender handled for the entry included (rule 11: equipment a bank paid
   for is 1,000 in and 1,000 out, nothing exchanged). Amount: `max(Σ
   max(r_k, 0), x)`. Depreciation is a
   reconciling item, not an activity. Limit: a trade-in within one cost
   account nets away.
8. **Net income reconciled to operating cash**, a separate schedule with
   the direct method (45-30; major classes of reconciling items, 45-29;
   what is removed, 45-28): operating = NI + G + X + W, over the period's
   non-closing entries. NI, net income; G, the rule-4 P&L lines; X, each
   entry's operating noncash part, as "Depreciation" (its investing and
   financing balance-sheet lines all accumulated depreciation), "Noncash:
   through <A>" (those lines, accumulated depreciation aside, all on A),
   or "Other noncash items"; W, minus each
   operating balance-sheet account's movement ("Increase in" / "Decrease
   in"). An identity over balanced entries (Lean
   `operating_reconciliation_ties`), checked at runtime.
9. **The sections foot** (45-24: the statement reconciles beginning and
   ending cash). `reconciles {sections_sum, net_change, difference}`; any
   difference, a section unequal to its lines, or a reconciliation unequal
   to operating is `CashFlowDoesNotFoot`, an engine error: nothing is
   produced. It can't happen on posted entries (Lean
   `cashflow_sections_sum_to_cash_change`, `Reachable.cashflow_foots`).
10. **Closing entries are never in the statement** (B-11). A close moves
    only revenue, expense and equity, and cash accounts are assets, so a
    close has no cash line.
11. **What a member or a lender pays, or receives, for the company is
    cash the company borrowed (or a member contributed) and spent**
    (DECISION, D-42, the owner, 2026-10-20, revising D-35's first point;
    bookspec's CHOICE: the standard leaves it open).
    *Source.* The Codification does not address a payment a third party
    makes on the entity's behalf (PwC Viewpoint FSP 6.9.3: "ASC 230 does
    not address these situations"; BDO Blueprint 3.4: "While ASC 230 is
    silent"; EY FRD 4.6.2: "judgment will be needed"; KPMG Handbook
    Q8.3.10), so 105-10-05-2 sends the question to nonauthoritative
    guidance. There the firms present it by substance, as constructive
    receipt and disbursement: PwC 6.9.3.1, "a reporting entity should
    include cash flows received or paid by a third party on behalf of the
    reporting entity" (a bank paying a vendor: "a financing inflow ... and
    an operating outflow"); DART Roadmap 7.2 (third-party financing,
    Example 7-2: a lender paying an insurance premium, an operating outflow
    and a financing inflow; the contrast, a supplier's own finance arm, is
    AICPA TQA 1300.16 and the SEC staff's 2005 view: noncash); BDO 3.4
    (Example 3-5: a bank paying for equipment, an investing outflow and a
    financing inflow; it names "a parent might pay on behalf of a
    subsidiary expenses"); EY 5.2.4 and 5.3.1 (third-party financing,
    unlike the seller's, is a financing inflow and an operating or
    investing outflow). KPMG Q8.3.10 also accepts a noncash presentation
    for equipment a lender pays for. A CPA would present it as the firms
    do; the change in cash is the same either way. The rule, entry by
    entry, after its own cash (rule 3; `kernel::constructive`):
    - **Paid for the company.** A financing liability
      (`books.financing_accounts`: the members' financing account such as
      Due to Members, a loan, a card listed as financing) credited against
      operating or investing lines debited paid for them: a financing
      inflow under the liability's kind ("Proceeds from borrowing — 2100
      Due to Members", 45-14(b)) and the operating outflow (its class by
      rule 5) or the investing outflow (45-13(c)), both on the entry's
      date. A member's capital credited against revenue or expense debited
      paid for them likewise, a contribution ("Contributions from members
      — <member>", 45-14(a)): the expense-to-capital case below.
    - **Received for the company.** A financing liability or a member's
      capital debited against revenue, expense or the receivables control
      credited (a customer paying a member, a vendor refunding to a
      member's card): an operating inflow, and a repayment or a
      distribution (PwC 6.9.3.1: cash "received or paid").
    - Each line's `on_behalf` is the part of its cash so handled. The parts
      net to zero within the entry, so the sections still sum to the
      change in cash (rule 9; Kani `constructive_nets_to_zero`). Kinds take
      it in order, operating before investing and, within operating,
      balance-sheet lines before revenue and expense (CONVENTION, as rule
      3's: it matters only for an entry whose sources cover part of its
      uses, and then leaves capital the revenue and expense it can pay
      for). A reversal mirrors its root (rule 6; Kani
      `constructive_mirrors`), so a payment and its reversal net out, and
      a reimbursement is the repayment it is (45-15(b)).
    - **Stays noncash**, disclosed (rule 7): property a member contributes
      that it already owned (capital credited against an asset, a prepaid
      included: no cash moved, to anyone, 50-4); property handed over in
      kind (an asset credited against a financing liability or capital
      debited); a debt exchanged for another or for equity (50-4's
      "converting debt to equity"); interest and guaranteed payments
      charged into what the company owes the lender or member (tax
      categories `interest_expense`, `interest_income`,
      `guaranteed_payments`: their own charges, accrued, paid to no one;
      "interest paid", 45-25(e), is cash paid); and a purchase on the
      seller's own credit, an operating payable (50-4, "acquiring assets by
      assuming directly related liabilities"; EY 5.3.1), flagged
      `asset_on_operating_payable` (rule 12).
    - **An expense a member pays into capital** (Dr expense / Cr the
      member's capital, no cash) is a constructive contribution and an
      operating outflow. The member paid cash to a vendor for the company;
      whether the company owes it back (Due to Members) or not (capital)
      is only the form of the financing, not the substance of the payment,
      which the guides follow ("the same economic result", DART 7.2). BDO
      3.4 lists a parent paying a subsidiary's expenses among the cases
      for constructive cash flows without asking how the subsidiary
      records what it owes back (a parent's payment is often booked as a
      contribution), and none of the guides read presents an expense
      someone paid on the entity's behalf as noncash. The books' own K-1
      worksheet already counts it as a cash contribution (`k1.rs`
      INVARIANT 3, DECISION 2026-10-15), so the two agree.
    - **Card purchases** follow the card's classification (D-35,
      unchanged): on a card listed as financing, the issuer is a lender
      that paid the merchant, so the purchase is borrowed and spent and the
      card payment a repayment; on a card that is an operating payable, the
      purchase is an accrual and its payment operating (d).
    - *Limits* (the books can't tell who was paid). A lender's or member's
      own charge credited to what the company owes them, other than
      interest and guaranteed payments (a card's annual fee, rent a member
      charges), reads as paid for the company: its operating outflow shows
      when charged, its repayment as financing (each section's total over
      the charge and its payment is right; the timing is the charge's).
      Post what the company owes a member for their own goods or services
      to a payable, not to the members' financing account. A note to the
      seller listed in `books.financing_accounts` reads as a lender's loan
      (borrowed and invested, where 50-4 makes it noncash): keep a seller's
      note out of it (its principal payments then show as operating, where
      45-13(c) makes them financing; flagged). An expense a member
      contributes in kind (an item already owned, expensed at once) reads
      as paid: post it to an asset first. A debt a member or a new lender
      pays off directly is a noncash exchange (disclosed), where PwC
      6.9.3.1 and BDO Example 3-6 would gross it up. Debt issue costs, a
      financing outflow (45-15(f)), posted to an expense account read as
      operating: post them to a contra-liability listed as financing, so a
      fee the lender withholds is a noncash exchange inside financing and
      the loan reads as its net proceeds. An entry that moves revenue or
      expense straight to capital by hand, as a close does, reads as paid
      or received for the company: close periods with `books.close_period`,
      whose entries are never in the statement (rule 10).
12. **Equipment paid for, or sold, later** (D-35; 45-12(c), 45-13(c)). A
    bill payment carries its bill's split, equipment part first: the
    payables line's equipment part is investing, so its payment is an
    investing outflow, the reconciliation's payables change leaves it out,
    and the purchase is disclosed only for what is unpaid at the period's
    end (a payment reversed by then is unpaid again; EY FRD 5.3.3; DART
    6.1.3; bills post to the general-expenses
    control today, so this waits for bills with account lines). A card
    purchase follows the card's classification: on an operating payable it
    is disclosed and flagged (`asset_on_operating_payable`), on a financing
    one it is borrowed and invested (rule 11) and its payment a repayment. A sale for an amount owed on an
    operating receivable is disclosed and flagged with the fix
    (`asset_sold_on_operating_receivable`: post it to an investing
    account). The flags are the statement's `warnings`, and items in the
    viewer's Needs attention. Limits: payments more than "soon after" purchase are
    financing by 45-13(c) when the seller financed it, which the books
    can't tell from a bill; unregistered equipment is operating (the asset
    register's `unregistered_cost` flags it).

Scope: single-currency books (R-5). A foreign-currency cash account's
exchange effect would be a separate reconciling line (830-230-45-1); a
hand-posted revaluation of a cash account shows as an operating receipt.

**Enforced:** `profit_and_loss_for_period`; `cashflow::cash_flow` (with
`kernel::entry_flows`, `apply_cash`, `constructive`, `exchanged`),
`role_problems`, `foot`; `ledger_package::cash_flow_for` (the server, the
package and the viewer). **Checked:** Lean `statements_add_up`,
`cashflow_sections_sum_to_cash_change`, `entry_flows_sum`,
`flows_reversal`, `constructive_nets`, `constructive_neg`,
`constructive_sections_net`, `stmt_flows_sum`, `stmt_flows_reversal`,
`operating_reconciliation_ties`, `cashflow_reversal_nets`,
`Reachable.cashflow_foots`, `Reachable.cashflow_is_change_in_cash`; Kani
`entry_flows_*`, `no_cash_no_flow`, `take_is_odd_and_bounded`,
`apply_cash_mirrors`, `apply_cash_spends_exactly`,
`exchanged_is_bounded`, `constructive_nets_to_zero`,
`constructive_mirrors`; `prop_period_pnl_partitions`,
`prop_cash_flow_laws` (5,000 cases, reversals of reversals, rule 11's
shapes), `prop_pure_entries_sections_are_movements`; regressions
`defect1_reversed_contributions_foot_regression`,
`defect1_two_member_llc_first_year_regression`,
`defect1_two_member_llc_as_of_march_18_regression` (and bookspec
`cash-flow.*`, `cash-flow.paid-on-the-companys-behalf` for rule 11);
`disposal_proceeds_all_investing`,
`an_expense_a_member_paid_is_borrowed_and_spent`,
`reimbursing_a_member_is_a_repayment_of_borrowing`,
`equipment_a_lender_paid_for_is_borrowed_and_invested`,
`an_expense_a_member_paid_into_capital_is_contributed_and_spent`,
`property_a_member_contributes_stays_noncash`,
`equipment_on_the_sellers_credit_stays_noncash_and_flagged`,
`a_payment_made_for_the_company_and_its_reversal_net`,
`part_paid_by_a_member_and_a_refund_a_member_received`,
`a_lender_pays_balance_sheet_lines_first_and_a_customer_pays_a_member`,
`interest_and_guaranteed_payments_charged_to_a_creditor_stay_noncash`,
`a_fee_withheld_from_a_loan_follows_its_account`,
`odd_shapes_foot_and_net`, `operating_classes_follow_asc_230_10_45_25`,
`a_reversal_of_a_reversal_is_shown_and_foots`,
`a_reversal_three_levels_down_is_labelled_a_reversal`,
`operating_cash_is_classed_kind_by_kind`,
`two_kinds_of_one_class_are_one_line`,
`interest_paid_in_a_disposal_stays_operating`,
`a_loss_on_disposal_on_a_revenue_or_expense_account_is_investing`,
`an_investments_gain_is_investing`, `cash_goes_to_the_sections_in_order`,
`cash_goes_to_a_sections_kinds_in_order`,
`converting_member_debt_to_capital_is_disclosed`,
`a_bill_payment_carries_its_bills_split`,
`a_reversed_bill_payment_leaves_the_purchase_unpaid`, the role refusals,
`foot_refuses_any_difference` (`crates/ledger-core/tests/spec_cash_flow.rs`).

## B-15 Depreciation: straight line, salvage never depreciated, partial months by days

**Status:** CONVENTION (book method); AUTHORITY for tax conventions, which
wanderbooks does not apply

OpenStax §11.3 (cited): "Straight-line depreciation is a method of
depreciation that evenly splits the depreciable amount across the useful
life of the asset," with "(Cost – salvage value)/Useful life"; partial
periods: "A common method is to allocate depreciation expense based on the
number of months the asset is owned in a year." wanderbooks prorates
partial months by days, including a schedule through a mid-month date
(DECISION, the owner 2026-10-13). ASC 360-10-35-4 (read 2026-10-14,
`sources/fasb-asc.md`) prescribes no method: cost less salvage is spread
over the useful life "in a systematic and rational manner," as equitably
as possible to the periods served; straight line by days is one such
allocation.
Tax conventions (half-year, mid-month, mid-quarter): IRS Pub. 946
(`sources/irs-depreciation.md`), for the CPA.

**Enforced:** `assets::depreciation_schedule`. **Checked:**
`schedule_sums_exactly_to_depreciable_amount`,
`salvage_value_is_never_depreciated`, `prop_depreciation_schedule_exact`.

## B-16 Prepaid expenses and deferred revenue are recognized over the period benefited or earned

**Status:** AUTHORITY (revenue); CONVENTION (prepaids)

ASC 606-10-45-2 (cited): payment before transfer → "the entity shall
present the contract as a contract liability"; 606-10-25-23: "An entity
shall recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance
obligation by transferring a promised good or service." Prepaids: OpenStax
§4.2 (cited); ASC 340-10-05-4 and 210-10-45-1(g), -2 (read 2026-10-14,
`sources/fasb-asc.md`): a prepaid is an asset paid in advance of its use,
current within the operating cycle; the ASC prescribes no expensing
method, so monthly expensing stays a convention. Tax: the 12-month rule, Treas. Reg. §1.263(a)-4(f)
(`sources/irs-capitalization.md`).

**Enforced:** `schedules`. **Checked:** `a_prepaid_expense_is_expensed_month_by_month`,
`deferred_revenue_is_earned_to_the_cent`.

## B-17 Platform payouts are recorded gross when the business is the principal

**Status:** AUTHORITY

ASC 606-10-55-37 (cited): "An entity is a principal if it controls the
specified good or service before that good or service is transferred to a
customer." 606-10-55-38: an agent "recognizes revenue in the amount of any
fee or commission to which it expects to be entitled." 606-10-55-37B
(read 2026-10-14, `sources/fasb-asc.md`): a principal recognizes revenue
"in the gross amount of consideration." Whether an app
developer is principal for app-store sales is a judgment under 55-39; the
CPA confirms.

**Enforced:** `payouts::payout_plan`. **Checked:**
`a_payout_is_grossed_up_to_revenue_and_fees`.

## B-18 Aging buckets: Current, 1–30, 31–60, 61–90, 90+ days past due

**Status:** CONVENTION (bucket edges); DECISION (due today is Current)

ASC 326-20-55-37/38 (cited) illustrates "one way" to age trade
receivables with buckets "current … 1–30 days past due … 31–60 … 61–90 …
more than 90 days past due"; it is illustrative, not a rule. The FFIEC
Call Report instructions (bank regulators, not binding here): "The past
due status … should be determined in accordance with its contractual
repayment terms." A document due today is not yet past due: DECISION
(the owner, 2026-10-13). Aging as of a date shows only documents issued by
then, less only payments made by then; and a payment never predates its
invoice or bill (a real prepayment is a deposit): DECISIONS (the owner,
2026-10-13).

**Enforced:** `arap::aging_bucket`, `Ledger::ar_aging`/`ap_aging`,
`receive_payment`/`pay_bill` (`PaymentBeforeDocument`). **Checked:**
`aging_boundaries`, `aging_is_exclusive_and_only_ages`,
`aging_as_of_a_date_sees_only_what_existed_then`,
`a_payment_never_predates_its_document`.

## B-19 1099 reporting thresholds

**Status:** AUTHORITY (`sources/irs-1099-thresholds.md`)

$600 through 2025; $2,000 for payments made after Dec. 31, 2025 (26 U.S.C.
§6041(a), §6041A(a)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 119-21 §70433); for calendar
years after 2026, indexed to inflation and rounded to the nearest $100
(§6041(h)). Card payments are reported on Form 1099-K, not 1099-NEC/MISC.
Attorneys' gross proceeds stay at $600 (not modeled).

What counts as paid: payments made in the calendar year (§6041(a)), so a
prepayment counts when made. A worksheet as of a day (the CPA package's,
B-33) counts the year's payments from January 1 through that day. The
engine counts credits minus debits to the payment sources on a vendor's
tagged entries: `[books] cash_accounts` and `financing_accounts` (a
member or lender paying on the company's behalf; the company is still the
payer). A card charge leaves neither (1099-K); a
bill is not paid until it is (`form1099::vendor_1099_report_with`,
checked by `payments_come_from_cash_and_financing_only`). A W-9 is on
file by the vendor's flag or its party's W-9 facts.

An entry naming several parties (a payment shared between a contractor
and a member; `ledger_core::shares`) counts only the vendor's share
toward its 1099: what was paid to the payee (§6041(a)), not what the
entry moved for others. The share is resolved (`shares::resolve`)
against the entry's target (B-35: its money, or, when it moved none, its
parties' own-account movement; a reversal's is its original's negated),
the same target the MCP server checks shares against, then scaled to the
1099 payment (a ratio, so B-35's signs change no 1099 figure: a reversal
negates both the payment and the target): the share unchanged when the
payment equals the target (the usual case, an expense paid from cash or
by a member), else payment × share ÷ target, rounded to the nearest cent,
half away from zero (so a part charged to a card scales out, 1099-K). A
percent split's leftover cent goes to the party named first (shares
INVARIANT 8). A reversal carries the shares and subtracts the same part,
and re-apportioning either one re-apportions the other
(`Ledger::set_entry_parties` INVARIANT 5), so the pair nets to zero. The
vendor tag follows the parties: on an entry naming several,
`set_entry_vendor` never replaces their shares (refused unless the
vendor's party is named), and a vendor record never links to a party
named beside another vendor (`add_vendor`), checked by
`tagging_the_vendor_keeps_a_shared_entrys_parties`,
`clearing_the_vendor_on_a_shared_entry_is_refused`,
`re_apportioning_a_reversed_entry_re_apportions_its_reversal`,
`a_named_party_gaining_a_vendor_record_keeps_one_vendor_per_entry`.
Shares that don't resolve count the whole payment toward the vendor (the
conservative answer) and the entry is listed (`Vendor1099Report::
unresolved`; a `books.vendor_1099` note). An entry naming one party
counts as before (`form1099::vendor_1099_report_with_members`, checked
by `a_shared_payment_counts_the_vendors_share`,
`a_percent_split_gives_the_leftover_cent_to_the_first`,
`a_reversed_shared_payment_nets_to_zero`,
`a_shared_payment_partly_on_a_card_scales_to_the_payment`,
`unresolved_shares_count_in_full_and_are_listed`). DECISION (the owner,
2026-10-15: shares).

**Enforced:** `form1099::default_threshold`, a dated rule
(`ledger_core::rules::THRESHOLD_1099`, known through 2026, review from
2026-11-01). For a later year the engine refuses with `RuleNotKnown`
rather than guess; the MCP digest and the viewer's "Needs attention" list
flag the rule once it is due (DECISION, the owner, 2026-10-13). **Checked:**
`an_unknown_year_threshold_is_never_guessed`,
`dated_rules_go_stale_on_their_review_date`, MCP stdio test.

## B-20 Every transaction has supporting documents; records are kept

**Status:** AUTHORITY (`sources/irs-records.md`)

IRS Pub. 583: "In addition, you must keep supporting documents"; they
"support the entries in your books and on your tax return"; keep records
"until the period of limitations for that return runs out" (3 years
generally; 7 for bad debts).

**Enforced:** the MCP receipt policy (not the engine; R-13).

## B-21 Exact amounts in the books; rounding only on returns

**Status:** AUTHORITY (for where rounding happens)

Form 1065 instructions (`sources/irs-partnerships.md`): "If two or more
amounts are added to figure the amount to enter on a line, include cents
when adding the amounts and round off only the total." The books keep
cents (and FX precision) exactly (R-2).

**Enforced:** `Decimal` money, `Amount` checked arithmetic, line range.
**Checked:** Kani `sums_are_exact`; bridge tests.

## B-22 Expense or capitalize (book policy, mirrors tax)

**Status:** AUTHORITY (`sources/irs-capitalization.md`)

Treas. Reg. §1.263(a)-1(f)(1)(ii)(D) sets $500 per invoice or item for a
taxpayer without an applicable financial statement "or other amount as
identified in published guidance"; Notice 2015-82 raised it to $2,500 for
taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2016. The 12-month rule:
§1.263(a)-4(f)(1). The election is made yearly on the return.

**Enforced:** bookkeeper policy (books' AGENTS.md), not the engine.

## B-23 Control roles: one account each, of the right kind, moved only when empty

**Status:** CONVENTION (a control account agrees with the records it
controls); DECISIONS (the owner, 2026-10-13 and 2026-10-15)

Invoices, bills, payroll, and closes post to accounts the engine picks by
role: receivables, revenue, payables, general expense, retained earnings,
salary and payroll tax expense, and five payroll withholdings. A role uses
its default code (1200, 4000, 2000, 6999, 3999, 6100, 6110, 2110–2150)
until the human assigns it one of the chart's own accounts; the assignment
is journaled, so replay never depends on a setting outside the journal
(DECISION, 2026-10-15). A role's account is postable and of the role's
type (B-4), and the engine refuses one that isn't rather than renumber
the chart (DECISION, 2026-10-13). No account fills two roles. A
receivables, payables, withholding, or retained earnings account must keep
agreeing with what it controls (open invoices, open bills, taxes withheld,
closed earnings): such a role moves only when its account holds no
balance, so the bookkeeper first moves the balance with an entry, which
the journal shows. Revenue and expense roles move at any time; earlier
postings stay where they are.

**Enforced:** `Ledger::check_controls`, `Ledger::assign_role` /
`check_assign_role`, `Ledger::check_renumber_account` (an assigned role
frees its code). **Checked:** `ledger-core` `tests/spec_roles.rs`;
`ledger-store` replay of `role.assigned`.

## B-24 Asset tags: one label per asset, never reused

**Status:** DECISION (the owner, 2026-10-15)

Each fixed asset may carry a tag, the label stuck on the thing itself
(generated `PREFIX-0001` or the human's own: 1–32 ASCII letters, digits,
`- _ . /`), and the manufacturer's serial number. Tags are unique ignoring
case and are never reused by another asset, even after a retag or a
disposal, so an old label can never point at the wrong thing. Both are
journaled. The fixed asset register lists every asset as of a date and
reconciles to the general ledger's cost and accumulated depreciation
accounts.

**Enforced:** `Ledger::set_asset_tag` / `check_asset_tag_for`,
`assets::check_asset_tag`, `assets::check_serial`. **Checked:**
`ledger-core` `tests/spec_asset_tags.rs`; `ledger-store`
`tests/asset_tags.rs`; `ledger-mcp` `tests/spec_assets.rs`.

## B-25 Tax basis beside book value

**Status:** AUTHORITY (`sources/irs-partnership-basis.md`); DECISION
(the owner, 2026-10-15: the register carries tax basis)

Book value and tax basis are different numbers for the same asset. The
book value of a member's contribution is its fair market value (Treas.
Reg. §1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(d)(1), cited). Its federal tax basis follows the
rule that applies: property the company buys has a cost basis ("The basis
of property shall be the cost of such property", IRC §1012(a)); property a
member contributes keeps "the adjusted basis of such property to the
contributing partner at the time of the contribution" (IRC §723,
carryover); property a member converts from personal use depreciates from
"the lesser of its fair market value or its adjusted depreciable basis"
(Treas. Reg. §1.168(i)-4(b)(1)). The difference between fair market value
and the contributor's adjusted basis is the built-in gain (positive) or
loss (negative) that IRC §704(c) makes the partnership account for; a
built-in loss counts only for the contributing member (§704(c)(1)(C)).
wanderbooks records the rule, the contributor's adjusted basis, the
resulting tax basis, and the built-in gain or loss; tax depreciation
(MACRS, conventions, elections) stays with the CPA (`sources/irs-depreciation.md`).

**Enforced:** `Ledger::set_asset_tax_basis` / `check_asset_tax_basis`
(cost takes no contributor basis, a contribution requires one,
non-negative, in cents), `Asset::tax_basis`, `Asset::built_in_gain`,
`reports::fixed_asset_register` (per-row tax fields, `total_tax_basis`,
`missing_tax_basis`). **Checked:** `ledger-core` `tests/spec_tax_basis.rs`;
`ledger-store` `tests/asset_tags.rs` (`asset.tax_basis_set` journaling,
replay, v9 migration, corrupt payloads); `ledger-mcp` `tests/spec_assets.rs`.

## B-26 Parties: one directory, no full TIN in the books

**Status:** AUTHORITY (truncated TINs: `sources/irs-truncated-tin.md`);
DECISIONS (the owner, 2026-10-15)

Everyone the company deals with is a party, with roles (vendor,
contractor, customer, employee, member, payout platform, tax agency,
financial institution, landlord). Vendor and customer records link to
their party; entries are tagged with theirs. Names are unique among parties
not archived, ignoring case and surrounding space. A W-9 is recorded as its
facts and the TIN's last four digits (the part a truncated TIN shows,
Treas. Reg. §301.6109-4(a)); no party field may hold a nine-digit number,
and the full TIN lives only in the encrypted vault, outside the journal
(DECISION). W-9 facts need a 1099 role (contractor, landlord); W-4 facts
need the employee role; payroll lines that name their employee name a
party with that role.

The full TIN, when the books need it for the 1099 worksheet, lives in the
TIN vault (`vault/` in the books dir, git-ignored; encrypted under a key
file outside the books dir): `books.set_w9` `tin` writes it there and
journals only the last four and the vault record's hash; the signed W-9
goes there too, never to the attachment store. Any party may have its
TIN in the vault, whatever its roles: every member's (for their K-1) and
every 1099 payee's belongs there (DECISION, the owner, 2026-10-15: "In the
vault, that's the WHOLE reason we built it. And it needs to be in the
damn CPA package."). `books.set_tin` stores one for any party; the books
journal its TIN facts (type, last four, the record's hash:
`party.tin_set`), which never disagree with its W-9 facts' last four. No
tool output, error, or log holds a full TIN except `books.vendor_1099`
with `include_tins` (DECISION, the owner, 2026-10-15: for the CPA, when
asked): a refusal that quotes its input masks any TIN in it
(`parties::redact_full_tins`, checked by `refusals_never_echo_a_tin`),
and a party text field refuses nine digits however they are separated
(`has_full_tin`: up to three spaces, hyphens, dots, slashes or
underscores between neighbors, in any script's digits; past ASCII every
Unicode space and dash and the fullwidth and small forms count, and
invisible characters such as a zero-width space or a right-to-left mark
don't count toward the three: `sources/unicode-tin-text.md`, Unicode
17.0). Files holding one (`books.get_w9`, `books.vendor_1099`'s
`csv` with `include_tins`, and the CPA package, whose K-1 and 1099
worksheets carry every member's and payee's TIN by default) are never
written to a path: no tool takes one (D-29, P2 slice 6). Each is handed
over as an export the asking token fetches with `wanderbooks download`
(kept 15 minutes), or inline over stdio. (Until slice 6 they were
written only outside the books dir: DECISION, P0 review, 2026-10-16, so
none could be filed back in as a receipt and read out again.) No file
holding a full TIN is filed into the books
(DECISION, P0 review round 2, 2026-10-16): the server keeps, beside the
vault, the SHA-256 of every file it read or wrote with full TINs (the W-9
`books.set_w9` reads, recorded once the call has passed every check, just
before the vault keeps it, so a refused call marks no file; each
`books.get_w9` copy;
a 1099 worksheet with TINs; a CPA package with TINs and each file in it
that holds one), shared by every session and every later server for the
books, and every way a file enters the books (`books.attach_receipt`,
`books.file_document`, an upload or inline) refuses those exact files,
and refuses any text file (by its type or name, or because it decodes as
UTF-8 or UTF-16, with a byte-order mark or, NUL-interleaved, without one)
holding (a) a TIN the vault holds for a party of the
books, anywhere in the text, as nine digits in a row, as 3-2-4 digits
joined by hyphens, spaces or dots, or as 2-7 digits joined by a hyphen
or a space (compared on the server against the decrypted vault, never
returned or logged; a vault that can't be opened leaves (b) alone), or
(b) a number printed as an SSN or EIN is, standing alone: 3-2-4 digits
joined by hyphens (123-45-6789) or 2-7 joined by a hyphen (12-3456789),
with no digit, and no hyphen or dot followed by a digit, on either side,
except the company's own EIN as its settings hold it, printed 2-7: it is
the company's, no person's, the settings already hold it in full (B-29),
and every company document goes into the books, its formation papers and
plans printing it (DECISION, the owner, 2026-10-17); (a) still refuses it
should the vault hold that number for a party. Full-width digits and
Unicode hyphens and spaces count as their ASCII kin (`tin_files.rs`). The text check is narrow on purpose (DECISION,
the owner, 2026-10-16): bank exports are filed for reconciliation, and
their routing numbers, long references and dates next to amounts are
not TINs; the broad `has_full_tin` reading stays on what the server says
(refusals and results). Because (a) compares against the vault, its
answer would tell an agent whether a text it chose holds a vault TIN;
the tools show each TIN's last four, so an agent filing texts full of
nine-digit numbers ending in those four could find the TIN in about 17
filings. So (a) answers for at most two candidates a filing (DECISION,
P0 review, 2026-10-16): before the vault is opened, a text holding more
than two distinct TIN-shaped numbers (in any rendering (a) reads; one
number written several ways counts once) that end in the last four of a
TIN the books know (each party's TIN facts and W-9 facts, read from the
books; once the vault is opened, its own records' last fours too) is
refused with words of its own ("more than two numbers shaped like a
TIN"), the same byte for byte whether or not one of them is a vault TIN
and whether or not the vault is open; only a text with no more than two
is compared against the vault. With the last four known, a TIN is one of
100,000 numbers, so finding one this way takes on the order of 50,000
filings, each one refused and seen. What this can't catch: a changed
copy of a binary file (a W-9 PDF re-saved or re-scanned), a TIN in an
image, or a TIN the vault doesn't hold written other than (b);
`plan/served.md` P2 and P7 take the path tools and full TINs out of the
agent's reach. A known limit, open until then: (a) still answers for two
candidates a filing, so an agent that makes those 50,000 refused filings
can find a TIN; P2's access log records every call, refusals included,
and P7's human-only TIN channel takes full TINs, and with them this
check, off the agent's path. A bank export holding three numbers that
happen to end in a known last four is refused the same way (filed as a
PDF instead).
A locked vault or a missing TIN never fails
the package: it says which TINs are missing. `books.purge_tin` deletes a
party's vault records and journals that it did. Wherever the books show a
party's last four (the directory, `books.party`, the 1099 and K-1
worksheets, the purge preview) it is the TIN facts', else the W-9
facts' (`Party::tin_last4`; the two never disagree; exactly four digits
or nothing, however the facts were built), kept after a purge
(P3 defect 11: the directory read W-9 facts only, so a member's read as
missing).

**Enforced:** `crate::parties` (has_full_tin, check_text, W9Facts::check,
W4Facts::check), `Ledger::add_party`, `update_party`, `set_party_role`,
`set_party_w9`, `set_party_w4`, `set_party_tin` (TinFacts::check; TIN and
W-9 facts agree), `set_entry_party`, `validate_payroll`; `ledger-core`
`k1` (the K-1 worksheet); `ledger-vault` (Tin::new, the encrypted
records, records_held, purge_records); `ledger-mcp` `books.set_w9`,
`books.set_tin`, `books.get_w9`, `books.purge_tin`, `books.vendor_1099`,
`books.export_cpa_package` (open_vault refuses a key file in the books
dir; outside_books for files with a TIN; vault_tin checks the vault
against the books); `ledger-mcp` `tin_files` (the registry, the text
scan and its probe bound, on every filing tool; `known_tin_last4` gives
the books' last fours).
**Checked:** `ledger-core` `tests/spec_parties.rs`; `ledger-store`
`tests/parties.rs`; `ledger-vault` `tests/vault.rs`; `ledger-mcp`
`tests/spec_parties.rs`, `tests/spec_vault.rs` (every response, the log,
and every file in the books dir outside `vault/` scanned for the TINs in
any formatting), `tests/tin_files.rs`
(`a_tin_bearing_file_is_refused_from_every_session_and_after_a_restart`,
`text_with_a_vault_tin_or_a_printed_one_is_refused_and_a_bank_export_is_not`,
`text_probing_for_a_tin_is_refused_alike_by_every_filing_tool`), and the
unit tests in `tin_files.rs`.

## B-27 The journal format gate: newer is not corrupt

**Status:** DECISION (the owner, 2026-10-16; `plan/served.md` 5.1 and P0);
DECISION (P0 review, 2026-10-16: a line's own hash is checked before the
line is called newer; the envelope and its hash are frozen across
formats)

Every journal line has a type, and a version of wanderbooks reads a fixed
set of them (`ledger_store::format::EVENT_TYPES`). A newer version may
write a type an older one doesn't know, or declare a newer journal format
with a `journal.format_set {format, features}` line before the first event
that needs it. An older reader stops at the first line it can't read and
says so: it never skips a line (the books it showed would differ from the
record without saying so), and it never calls newer books corrupt.

What every journal format shares is frozen, so that an older reader can
always follow the chain one line past the first line it can't read. A
line is the envelope `{seq, ts, type, payload, prev}` and nothing beside
it; its hash (what the next line's `prev` holds) is the SHA-256 of its
canonical JSON: keys sorted at every depth, no whitespace. A newer format
puts its new fields inside `payload`, never in the envelope, and never
changes how a line is hashed. A line with a key beside the envelope's is
refused as newer, never read with the key dropped, and its hash covers
the key, so the next line still checks it.

Damage stays corruption. A line's seq and `prev` are checked before the
gate, and its own hash is checked by the next line's `prev`; so when the
gate refuses a line, the reader reads the next one first, taking only its
`prev` (any JSON object with a string `prev`: it may use floats, a string
seq or keys of a format this version doesn't read). If that `prev` doesn't
match, the refused line was altered after it was written (a flipped bit in
its type reads like an unknown type): corrupt. If it matches, the refused
line is intact; the reader says so, and that it can't check the lines
after it. If there is no next line, or it has no `prev` this version can
read, nothing checks the refused line: the reader says it needs a newer
wanderbooks or the line is damaged, and to run verify after updating, and
never that it is intact. A newer format number is newer whatever the rest
of its declaration looks like (a newer format may shape its features
differently); a malformed declaration of a format this version reads is
corrupt. A blank line, or one that isn't UTF-8 JSON, is damage, to the
writer and the viewer alike: both read the journal as bytes split on
newlines. A writer never declares a format it couldn't read back, or
lowers the format in force. Opening the books checks every complete line
before it changes anything: a cut-off last line is set aside only when the
lines before it pass, so an older version never alters newer books.

A line an earlier version can't read is announced by a journal feature
(`ledger_store::format::KNOWN_FEATURES`): a new event type, or a field or
value on an event type an earlier version knows but would misread. The
writer declares it once, in the `journal.format_set` just before the
first line that needs it, with the format in force (at least 2) and the
features already in force (`Store::ensure_feature`): an earlier reader
stops at the declaration, and books that never use the feature stay
readable by it. P3's: `members_cumulative` (B-13: a members close counted
from its count's first close, `"rounding": "cumulative_since"`),
`account_renamed` (before the first `account.renamed`, B-31),
`require_tax_category` (before the first `settings.set` naming
`policy.require_tax_category`, B-32) and `party_creditors` (before the
first `party.creditor_set`, B-35). A later piece asks the owner's
go-ahead before the first such declaration (plan D-39).

**Enforced:** `ledger_store::format` (`JournalFormat::admit`, `declared`,
`gate`, `settle`, `declaration`), `journal::ENVELOPE_KEYS`,
`JournalLine::parse`, `journal::read_journal_and_format`,
`Snapshot::read_new`, `Store::open`, `Store::declare_journal_format`,
`StoreError::NewerJournal` (its `verified` flag picks the message).
**Checked:** `ledger-store` `tests/format.rs` (`old_reader_gets_newer_journal`,
`a_damaged_line_that_looks_newer_is_corrupt_when_the_next_line_checks_it`,
`an_unreadable_last_line_is_reported_as_newer_or_damaged`,
`a_newer_line_the_next_line_chains_onto_is_newer_and_intact`,
`a_newer_format_frames_its_lines_its_own_way`,
`an_unknown_envelope_key_is_newer_and_checked_through`,
`a_refused_line_followed_by_a_garbled_line_is_unverified`,
`a_line_that_is_not_utf8_is_corrupt_for_the_viewer_and_the_writer`,
`an_old_reader_never_repairs_newer_books`,
`a_blank_line_is_corrupt_for_the_viewer_and_the_writer`,
`damaged_journals_are_still_corrupt`) and the unit tests in `format.rs`;
`ledger-gui` `tests/newer_journal.rs`; `ledger-mcp` `tests/startup.rs`;
the `fuzz_store_replay` target (the writer and the viewer agree on newer
versus bad).

## B-28 What new commands take: four-digit years, amounts a line can carry

**Status:** CONVENTION (ISO 8601's basic calendar dates have four-digit
years, as do the spreadsheet and PDF formats the books export to);
DECISION (P0 review round 3, 2026-10-16, finding S1: the server stops
for every session when a request panics, so no input may reach one);
DECISION (P0 review round 4, 2026-10-17: posted is forever, so the
bounds are the commands', never replay's)

**New commands.** Every date a command takes or derives is in
0001-01-01 through 9999-12-31 (`ledger_core::calendar`): a date given
to a tool is exactly YYYY-MM-DD, a real day in that range (no sign, no
space, no fifth year digit); a period is a month of it; a new schedule's
last month, a new asset's last day of depreciation, a new recurring
entry's start and end, a new period, a new invoice's or bill's date and
due date, a disposal's date stay in it. Every amount a command takes,
not only a posted line's, is at most a journal line's
(1,000,000,000,000,000, `kernel::MAX_LINE_AMOUNT`): a draft line (by
size; its precision is checked when it posts), a document line, a
payout's lines and deposit, every payroll figure, a statement's
balances, a party's share, a contributor's basis, disposal proceeds, a
recurring template's lines. One run of the recurring entries creates at
most 1,000 drafts (`MAX_RECURRING_RUN`); a later date is run in steps.

**Replay accepts every line an earlier version accepted.** The bounds
above came after books were written, and posted is forever (B-8): a
journal an earlier wanderbooks wrote opens, in the writer and the
viewer alike, and replays to the same figures, forever. Replay applies
each check exactly as the version before the bound did: a journaled date
is any date chrono reads as `%Y-%m-%d` (chrono's own range, about
262,000 years either way, written "+10000-01-01" past 9999); a draft
line, a recurring template, a party's share, a contributor's basis, a
document line, a payment, a payroll run and disposal proceeds carry no
upper bound beyond what their own rules always said (positive, cents,
balanced, and so on); a schedule's months are 1 to 600 and an asset's
life ends on a date chrono holds. The checks split in two: the
command's (`Ledger::add_line`, `register_asset`, `TaxBasis::check`,
`shares::check_shares`, ...) and replay's (`replay_add_line`,
`replay_register_asset`, `TaxBasis::check_journaled`,
`shares::check_shares_journaled`, ...), and every bound has its pair of
tests: the command refuses past it; replay of an old line past it is
accepted.

**Derived figures refuse, never panic.** Because replay accepts what
the commands now refuse, every figure the books derive is computed with
checked arithmetic: a sum or product exact arithmetic can't hold is
refused with "too large to compute exactly" (`TooLargeToCompute`), and
a date past chrono's last day with `DateOutOfRange`, at the point of
computation (a draft's debits, a document's total and balance, aging,
net pay, a payroll plan, an entry's money flow and its shares'
resolution, the fixed asset register, an amortization plan), never
wrapped, rounded early or panicked on, and the server stays up. Date
walks reach chrono's last day without stepping past it (an asset's
depreciation in December 262142, an interval ending at
`NaiveDate::MAX`). A replayed line whose own figures overflow (a
recurring template whose debits Decimal can't sum: no version could
write it, and the last one panicked replaying it) is refused as the
books open, never a panic.

**Enforced:** `ledger_core::calendar`; `Ledger::try_create_entry`,
`add_line`, `add_line_fx`, `validate_new_asset`, `dispose_asset`,
`schedules::validate_schedule`, `validate_recurring`,
`periods::validate_period_range`, `arap::validate_lines`,
`validate_due_date`, `payroll::check_payroll_ranges`, `payout_plan`,
`shares::check_shares`, `TaxBasis::check`, `reconciliation_report`; for
replay, `replay_add_line`, `replay_add_line_fx`,
`replay_register_asset`, `replay_correct_asset`,
`replay_dispose_asset`, `replay_set_asset_tax_basis`,
`replay_set_entry_parties`, `replay_register_recurring`,
`replay_register_schedule` (`validate_schedule_shape`),
`replay_create_period` (`validate_period_order`), `replay_invoice`,
`replay_bill`, `replay_invoice_payment`, `replay_bill_payment`,
`replay_payroll_run`, `validate_new_asset_journaled`,
`validate_recurring_journaled`, `check_shares_journaled`,
`TaxBasis::check_journaled`; derived: `Invoice::total`/`balance`,
`Bill::total`/`balance`, `AgingRow::total`, `ar_aging`, `ap_aging`,
`PayrollLine::net_pay`, `payroll_entry_plan`, `parties::entry_flow`,
`shares::share_target`, `shares::resolve`, `fixed_asset_register`,
`schedules::amortization_plan`, `month_end`, `depreciation_schedule`,
`analysis::intervals`, `form1099::vendor_part`, `k1::share_property`,
`ReceiptPolicy::entry_debits`; `ledger-store` `parse_date` (replay:
chrono's range), `parse_period`, `last_day_of_month`,
`record_statement`, `dispose_preview`, `run_recurring`; `ledger-mcp`
`parse_date`, `parse_period_mcp`, `last_day_of_month`.
**Checked:** `ledger-core` `tests/spec_bounds.rs` (each bound and its
replay pair), `calendar.rs`, the unit tests of `amortization_plan`,
`intervals`, `vendor_part` and `share_property`, `assets.rs`
`registration_rejects_date_overflow`, `invariants.rs`
`out_of_range_amount_is_rejected`; `ledger-store` `tests/store.rs`
`books_an_earlier_version_wrote_open_to_its_figures` (every book in
`tests/fixtures/old-books`, written by main 188c90ea, opens in the writer
and the viewer and replays to exactly the figures main computed) and
`every_figure_over_old_books_is_computed_or_refused`, `tests/bounds.rs`;
`ledger-mcp` `tests/hostile_args.rs` (every tool with generated hostile
arguments and every resource with generated URIs: the server never
stops, and the books reopen after; the inputs that once panicked,
pinned; every tool over every old book) and `server.rs`
`periods_are_a_year_and_a_month`, `dates_are_four_digit_years_and_real_days`;
`ledger-gui` `tests/old_books.rs`.

## B-29 The books keep how they are kept

**SOURCE:** DECISION (plan/served.md I-3, owner decisions of 2026-10-16:
"the journal holds all books state"; light governance: decisions are
recorded with who made them and when, not as paperwork); IRS Pub. 538 and
the rules of B-1 to B-28 for what each setting means.

A company's settings, its conventions (how it posts each kind of
transaction, its policies and close steps), the decisions its owners made,
what is open, and approvals of draft entries are facts about the books,
kept in the journal like every other fact, each with who decided it and
when (journal format 2: `settings.set`, `convention.set`,
`convention.retired`, `decision.recorded`, `open_item.raised`,
`open_item.resolved`, `entry.approved`). A settings file is only text to
import from or export to; books that keep their own settings never read
one.

- A setting is one of the known keys, checked by its key and kept in one
  spelling; a change is all or nothing, and the settings after it hold
  together. Replay takes any value of the right shape (B-28).
- No setting, convention id, convention, decision, open item or approval
  holds a number that reads as a full TIN (nine digits standing alone,
  bare or printed 3-2-4 or 2-7 with a dash or a space), except the
  company's own EIN, shown masked everywhere but reports, packages and the
  viewer, and a D-U-N-S number in its own key.
- A record of how the books are kept changes no entry, draft, period or
  account (proved for the model: `Step.record_changes_no_figure`; checked
  on the engine after every record in `settings_replay_is_pure`). Settings
  that say how the same entries are presented or later allocated (the
  fiscal year, the cash flow roles, the members) present them by the
  settings in force; the fiscal year can't move once a period is closed
  under it (a changed tax year needs the IRS's consent, Form 1128).
- Moving a settings file in reads every setting exactly as the server read
  the file: the text must be the file the server reads, and books that
  keep their own settings take no import that changes them.
- A setting key or convention kind this version doesn't know is a newer
  version's: the books are "newer", never "damaged" (B-27).
- A posting template's lines split the amount exactly on each side, odd
  cents by largest remainder (B-13's rule); a slot (`{expense}`) takes the
  account each draft names.
- Approval rules block anything only when the company enforces them
  (`policy.approval_rules = enforce`; off by default). Then a draft a rule
  covers posts only once its approver approved it as it stands (its
  fingerprint: date, description, every line and class), and an operation
  that would post such an entry at once (an invoice, a bill, a payment,
  payroll, a remittance, a disposal) is refused: it is drafted instead.
  Reversals, closes, depreciation and amortization follow from entries
  already posted and are exempt. A rule names accounts that take postings,
  and an account a rule names can't be renumbered until the rule is
  revised.

**Enforced:** `ledger_core::settings` (`check`, `Settings::check_changes`,
`check_whole`, `shape`, `apply`), `ledger_core::conventions` (`check_new`,
`check_decision`, `check_open_item`, `split`), `Ledger::check_settings`,
`check_convention`, `approvals_missing`, `template_lines`; `ledger-store`
`Store::change_settings`, `adopt_settings`, `set_convention`,
`draft_from_template` (rehearsed whole), `record_decision`; the format gate
(format 2 declared before the first such line); `ledger_config::codec`
(`import`, `export`); `Store::post_entry` and `approval_gate`
(`ApprovalRequired`, `ApprovalNeedsDraft`), `check_renumber_account`;
`ledger-mcp` `books.import_settings` (the file the server reads, whole),
`books.post_entry` (`approval_required`).
**Checked:** `ledger-core` settings and conventions unit tests;
`ledger-store` `tests/settings.rs` (`settings_replay_is_pure`, 256 cases
per check, 2,000 by hand, with posts between records and every record
checked to change no figure or entry; `approval_rules_off_by_default`,
`approvals_cover_every_post`, `the_fiscal_year_stays_under_closed_periods`,
`a_newer_key_or_kind_is_newer`;
`books_written_under_p1_open_to_their_record`, fixture
`old-books/p1_record`); `ledger-config` `tests/codec_props.rs`
(`exports_round_trip`) and codec unit tests; `ledger-mcp`
`tests/spec_kept.rs`; Lean `Step.record_changes_no_figure`,
`Reachable.records`; fuzz `fuzz_settings_replay`.

## B-30 A report asked for without dates covers this fiscal year so far

**Status:** AUTHORITY for the period (IRS Pub. 538,
`sources/irs-periods-and-methods.md`: "A tax year is an annual accounting
period for keeping records and reporting income and expenses"; 26 U.S.C.
§6041(a), "in any calendar year", and §6041A(a)(2), "during such calendar
year", `sources/irs-1099-thresholds.md`, for the calendar-year counts);
DECISION for using it as the default (no authority says what a tool's
omitted dates mean; the owner, 2026-10-20, `plan/served.md` P3 "Settled in
design": "a report asked for without dates covers this fiscal year so
far, everywhere, and an account's register opens on it with 'Show all
dates' one click away").

The books' annual period is the fiscal year (`company.fiscal_year_start`,
B-29). Every place a date may be omitted resolves it by one rule
(`ledger_core::calendar::PeriodDefaults`), so the agent's report tools,
`books.show`, the viewer and the tool descriptions can't say different
things:

| Kind | Used for | Both dates omitted | Only `end` given | Only `start` given |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A period | profit and loss (and by class), cash flow, tax summary, members' equity, general ledger, general journal (csv, json, xlsx), an account's register, `books.show` of an account or a report | the first day of the fiscal year that holds today, through today | the first day of the fiscal year that holds `end`, through `end` | `start` through today |
| An instant | balance sheet, trial balance, A/R and A/P aging, fixed asset register, the IIF's `as_of` (every posted entry from the first through it, B-34), the CPA package's `as_of` | today | | |
| A calendar year | party totals (`books.parties`, `books.party`, the viewer's party pages), the viewer's 1099 worksheet | today's calendar year | | |

- A resolved start after the resolved end is refused, whether the caller
  gave both dates (`InvalidDateRange`) or only a start after today, the
  end an omitted end means (`StartAfterToday`, whose message says the end
  was defaulted: "pass end"). It is never swapped or clamped to fit.
- A derived start before 0001-01-01 is the calendar's first day (only an
  end early in year 1 under a non-January fiscal year, B-28).
- The first year: when the company was formed after its fiscal year's
  first day, the default start comes before formation. The amounts are
  the same, and the start is not moved to `company.formed`: start-up and
  organizational costs (IRC §195, §709) can be dated before formation.
- "Today" is the company's (`company.timezone`, B-29).
- The CPA package's period and the viewer's "Year to date" preset are
  the fiscal year that holds their day (`calendar::fiscal_year_start_on`),
  the fact itself, never "what an omitted date means": they don't follow
  this default if it ever changes.
- Not covered (no default period): search filters, the activity digest
  (its `since` is required; the `books://digest` resource reads this
  month so far), the `through` of `books.run_schedules` and
  `books.run_recurring` (today: an operation, not a period), and the
  viewer's drill-downs from a balance, which run from the books' first
  entry because a balance is cumulative. The IIF is never a period (B-34):
  it refuses `start` and `end`, so the general journal's default period
  never shortens it, nor anything in the CPA package, which gives its
  statements and ledgers its own fiscal year to date.

**Enforced:** `ledger_core::calendar` (`period_defaults`,
`PeriodDefaults::statement`, `statement_range`, `as_of`,
`calendar_year`, `fiscal_year_start_on`, `PeriodKind::describe`,
`START_DOC`, `END_DOC`, `AS_OF_DOC`, `YEAR_DOC`); `ledger_package`
`statement_range`, `as_of_date`, `pnl_statement`, `bs_statement`,
`cash_flow_statement`, `build_package`; `ledger-mcp` `BooksServer::periods`,
`statement_range`, `as_of`, every report tool, `books.show`, the
generated descriptions (`described`) and parameter docs; `ledger-gui`
`Books::periods`, `default_period`, `fiscal_ytd`, `App::show`,
`RegisterRange`. **Checked:** `ledger-core` `calendar.rs` unit tests and
`tests/properties.rs` `prop_period_defaults_resolve`; `ledger-mcp`
`server.rs` `period_tools_describe_the_one_default`, `tests/mcp_stdio.rs`
`one_default_period_everywhere_defect_16` and
`the_default_period_never_shortens_the_iif_or_the_package`,
`tests/oracle_mcp.rs`
`show_sends_the_dates_it_names_defect_16`,
`show_refuses_start_after_end_defect_15`,
`show_refuses_a_derived_inverted_range_defect_15`; `ledger-gui`
`tests/show.rs`; bookspec `examples/default-period-fiscal-year-to-date.toml`.

## B-31 Renaming an account changes its label, nothing else

**Status:** DECISION (the owner, `plan/served.md` 4.9 and P3 "Settled in
design", 2026-10-20: "a new account named like a sibling (ignoring
capitals), or holding a nine-digit number, is refused"); B-8 (posted is
forever); AUTHORITY for keeping the old name (Rev. Proc. 98-25 §5.01,
`sources/irs-records.md`: "the relationship (i.e., audit trail): (a)
between the total of the amounts in the taxpayer's machine-sensible
records by account and the account totals in the taxpayer's books");
Intuit IIF (`sources/intuit-iif.md`: "Accounts are identified by NAME")
for refusing a sibling's name.

Entries name accounts by id, so a rename changes no entry, line, hash,
balance or statement amount: every report, past periods included, prints
the new name. The journal keeps the old one (`account.renamed {account_id,
code, name, previous, reason}`), so a report printed under the old name
can be tied to the new. A rename is refused when the account is unknown,
the name is blank, the name (trimmed) is the one it has, another account
under the same parent (top-level accounts are siblings too) has it
ignoring capitals and surrounding space (QuickBooks would merge the two),
it holds a run of nine digits (a full SSN, EIN or account number, B-26:
every report prints a name), or it is not one line of at most 200
characters (`account::MAX_ACCOUNT_NAME`, the bound of the company's own
name: no line break, tab or other control character, which no report, CSV
or IIF line can hold). The name is kept trimmed. The same name rules hold
for a new account (`books.add_account`, `books.import_chart_csv`), which
is journaled with its name trimmed too; accounts the engine
creates for a control role keep their fixed names and are never refused
for one. Approval rules, roles, settings and closed periods name accounts
by code or id, and a name is no posting, so none of them blocks a rename.
Existing charts are untouched: the rules are the commands', never replay's
(B-28).

A rename can still change what the books pick by name (no amount): with
`books.cash_accounts` unset, the cash accounts are the asset accounts
whose names say they hold cash, and the card accounts are the
liabilities named "card" (`ledger_store::reconcilable`); the result says
when the new name moves the account into or out of either. It also lists
conventions whose text names the old name. QuickBooks matches accounts
by name, so a CPA who imported an earlier IIF is told.

**Enforced:** `Ledger::rename_account` / `check_rename_account`,
`check_account_name` (also in `add_account`), `account::MAX_ACCOUNT_NAME`,
`check_rename_reason`,
`replay_rename_account` (only that the account exists),
`ChartOfAccounts::set_name`, `Ledger::add_control_account`;
`Store::rename_account` (journal feature `account_renamed`, declared
before the first rename, B-27); `books.rename_account` (scope
`books:post`, like renumbering). **Checked:** `ledger-core`
`tests/spec_ledger.rs` (`rename_account_*`), `tests/model.rs`
(`Cmd::Rename`); `ledger-store` `tests/store.rs`
(`rename_account_changes_only_the_name_defect_15`,
`prop_rename_changes_no_figure`, `a_journaled_rename_replays_past_the_command_rules`),
`tests/format.rs`; `ledger-mcp` `tests/mcp_stdio.rs`
(`rename_account_end_to_end_defect_15`), `tests/hostile_args.rs`;
`ledger-core` `tests/spec_ledger.rs`
(`a_new_name_is_one_trimmed_line_of_bounded_length`), `ledger-store`
`tests/store.rs` (`a_new_accounts_name_is_journaled_trimmed`); Lean
`Step.record` (a name is outside the model: `docs/verification.md` 13a);
bookspec `examples/rename-changes-no-amount.toml`.

## B-32 Every revenue and expense account maps to a line of the return

**Status:** AUTHORITY for why it matters (IRS Pub. 583,
`sources/irs-records.md`: "Your books must show your gross income, as
well as your deductions and credits"; IRS Pub. 538: "you must maintain
records that will enable you to file a correct return"; Rev. Proc. 98-25
§5.01: the relationship "between the total of the amounts in the
taxpayer's machine-sensible records by account and the taxpayer's
return"); DECISION for warn versus refuse (Pub. 583: "the law does not
require any specific kind of records"; the owner, 2026-10-20: warn by
default, header accounts exempt, the first company set to refuse at the
P3 cutover).

A tax category is the account's link to the return (`ledger_core::tax`,
`sources/irs-tax-lines.md`). An account needs one when it is a revenue or
expense account and not a header (a header takes no postings, so nothing
of its own reaches the return: no entry posts to one, a replayed one
included, and an account's header flag never changes).

- Needs attention and the digest (`uncategorized_accounts`) list every
  account that needs a category and has none, with activity or not.
- `policy.require_tax_category`: `warn` (unset) or `refuse`. Under `warn`,
  `books.add_account` and `books.import_chart_csv` create the account and
  their results say so. Under `refuse`, they refuse it (the file whole),
  naming the account and where the categories are listed; both take the
  category at creation, so the refusal is always met in one call; and
  `books.set_tax_category` won't clear a category an account needs.
- The accounts invoices, bills and payroll create for a control role
  (Revenue 4000, General Expenses 6999, Salary & Wage Expense 6100,
  Payroll Tax Expense 6110) are never refused, so an invoice is never
  refused over a chart label: their results warn, and Needs attention
  lists them. The policy is "no uncategorized account made through the
  chart tools", not "never any".
- Turning the policy to `refuse` changes no existing account: it applies
  to new commands (B-28). Needs attention keeps listing the gaps.
- Every account a tool can require has a category that fits it on every
  return: the gain or loss account of a disposal (`form_4797_gain_loss`,
  Form 4797), tax-exempt income (`tax_exempt_income`, Schedule K), and
  each control role's. A gain or loss on business property is figured on
  Form 4797 from the tax basis, and its split (ordinary gain, net section
  1231 gain) decides the line, never Schedule C: the tax summary lists it
  apart (`TaxSummary::form_4797`), at its book amount, with no tax amount
  and in no total, on every return.

**Enforced:** `tax::needs_category`, `account_needs_category`,
`uncategorized_accounts`, `CATEGORIES`; `Ledger::check_tax_category_required`,
`check_tax_category_kept` (commands only, never `set_account_tax`, which
replay calls); `settings::TaxCategoryPolicy`, `Settings::require_tax_category`;
`Store::add_account_with_tax`, `add_account`, `set_account_tax`
(journal feature `require_tax_category`, declared before the first
`settings.set` naming the key); `ledger-mcp` `books.add_account`,
`books.import_chart_csv`, `books.digest`; `ledger-gui` Needs attention
(Info under warn, Todo under refuse). **Checked:** `ledger-core`
`tests/tax.rs`; `ledger-store` `tests/store.rs`
(`prop_tax_policy_refuses_exactly`, `a_journaled_clear_replays_under_refuse`);
`ledger-mcp` `tests/spec_tax_policy.rs`; `ledger-gui` `tests/view_model.rs`
(`needs_attention_flags_every_uncategorized_pl_account_defect_8`);
bookspec `examples/tax-category-required.toml`.

## B-33 A package as of a day shows the books through that day

**Status:** CONVENTION (a report as of a day reports the books on that
day: balances through it, a period's activity from the period's start
through it; nearest authorities the accounting period, IRS Pub. 538,
`sources/irs-periods-and-methods.md`, and the information returns'
calendar year, `sources/irs-1099-thresholds.md`); DECISION (owner,
2026-10-20, plan D-36: the 1099 worksheet stops at as_of too)

Nothing in the CPA package made as of a day (`books.export_cpa_package`,
the viewer's Export for CPA) reflects anything dated after it: no figure,
entry, receipt or worksheet row. The statements and the ledgers cover
the fiscal year containing as_of, through it; the balance sheet, the
trial balance and the fixed asset register are as of it (the register
only when an asset was bought by then); receipts/ holds the evidence of
the year's entries through it; the members' equity statement and the
K-1 worksheet, the year to date; general-journal.iif, every posted entry
from the first through it (B-34). The 1099 worksheet counts the payments
of as_of's calendar year from January 1 through as_of: information
returns add up what is paid "in any calendar year" (26 U.S.C. §6041(a);
"during such calendar year", §6041A(a)(2)), so a worksheet as of June 30
is the year to date, and a vendor not yet at the threshold is not yet
reportable; a December 31 package counts the whole year, as before. The
chart of accounts and documents/ are as they stand when the package is
made. One list of cash accounts and one of financing accounts serve the
whole package (the request's, else the settings'): the cash flow, the
K-1 worksheet, the IIF's bank accounts and the 1099 payments read the
same.

**Enforced:** `ledger_package::build_package` (INVARIANTS 1, 6, 7),
`ledger_package::export_iif`, `ledger_package::vendor_1099_report` and
`ledger_core::vendor_1099_report_with_members` (`through`).
**Checked:** `ledger-package` `tests/package.rs`
(`every_file_in_an_as_of_package_stops_at_as_of`: books the same through
as_of, with and without activity after it (a 1099 payment with its
receipt, an asset bought, a reversal of an entry dated as_of, the
members' contributions, an earlier asset sold), make the same package
byte for byte, every file and which files there are, with and without a
fixed asset register, mid-year and at year end; `as_of_package_iif_stops_at_as_of`,
`the_iif_through_as_of_at_its_edges`,
`the_1099_worksheet_stops_at_as_of`,
`one_list_of_cash_accounts_per_package`; the property
`iif_ties_to_the_trial_balance_as_of`, 2,000 cases); `ledger-mcp`
`oracle_mcp.rs` (`cpa_package_holds_the_year_and_its_evidence`); the
bookspec examples `bookspec/examples/as-of-package-stops-at-as-of.toml`
and `bookspec/examples/1099-worksheet-through-as-of.toml` (`ledger-core`
`tests/bookspec.rs`).

## B-34 The QuickBooks Desktop file (IIF): plain ASCII, every entry through as_of, closes left out

**Status:** AUTHORITY (Intuit, `sources/intuit-iif.md`: IIF files are
ASCII text, tab-separated, with no escape; an account is known by its
NAME, a subaccount's NAME its path joined by colons; lists come before
what uses them; DOCNUM is "the transaction's number"; the kit's 2007+
example file ends every line CR LF; QuickBooks Desktop holds an account
name of 31 characters, an account number of 7 and a memo of 4,095; "The
parent and subaccount must be the same account type"; a journal entry
to accounts receivable or payable needs a customer or vendor, and takes
one such account a transaction); CONVENTION (a QuickBooks integrator and
an IIF importer, same file: a longer name is cut on a chart import but not
in a journal's lines; a double quote is a text delimiter); DECISION (owner, 2026-10-20, plan D-36: plain ASCII, what isn't
ASCII transliterated and listed; CR LF; DOCNUM the entry's id; closing
entries left out; every entry since the company began until the CPA
says otherwise); Unicode Standard Annex #14 (the mandatory line breaks)

1. **One transaction per posted entry dated on or before as_of**, from
   the first, in the order posted, **except period-closing entries**:
   QuickBooks keeps no closing entries (it works out retained earnings
   itself; its "closing date" only locks a period), so an imported close
   would zero its period's profit. The file's balances are the trial
   balance as of as_of without the closes, and its income and expenses
   each period's profit and loss; the members' shares are in the
   package's members' equity statement and K-1 worksheet.
   `books.export` iif takes as_of (default today), never a range.
   Whether the file should hold only the fiscal year instead goes to the
   CPA before the 2027 package (D-36); for the first year the two are
   the same.
2. **DOCNUM is the entry's id** in the books, on the TRNS and every SPL,
   so the CPA can trace a QuickBooks transaction to its entry and its
   receipts.
3. **The file is ASCII and every line ends CR LF.** In a field (a NAME,
   an ACCNUM, a MEMO) a tab or a mandatory line break (LF, VT, FF, CR,
   NEL, U+2028, U+2029) is a space; any other control character is '?';
   printable ASCII is itself, but a double quote, which is a single one
   (QuickBooks reads a double quote as a text delimiter); any other
   character is its transliteration by deunicode 1.6.0, pinned exactly
   ("René" "Rene", "北京" "Bei Jing", "—" "--", "“" "'", "😀" "grinning";
   a transliterated word's trailing space dropped at the end or before a
   space), or '?' when it has none. Every other file in the package keeps
   the books' text (the PDFs carry Inter and Noto fallbacks for Chinese,
   Japanese, Korean, Arabic, Hebrew, Thai and Devanagari, Arabic and
   Hebrew set right to left; no emoji font, so an emoji prints as an
   empty box).
4. **An account's own name**, so written, has each ':' replaced by '-'
   (a fullwidth colon too), is trimmed ('?' if nothing is left) and cut
   to 31 characters (QuickBooks Desktop's limit; cut by QuickBooks, the
   ACCNT line and the transactions' would no longer match); its NAME is
   its parents' NAMEs and its own, joined by ':'. A subaccount whose
   QuickBooks type differs from its parent's (a bank account under a
   header that is no bank, an asset's cost under a "Fixed assets" header)
   is written at the top level, its own subaccounts with it: QuickBooks
   gives a subaccount its parent's type, and the type decides where its
   balance shows. Each parent is declared before its subaccounts, the
   accounts otherwise in the order of their codes. Accounts whose NAMEs
   would match ignoring case, which QuickBooks would merge, get
   " (code)" after their own names (the name cut to make room, the code
   written like a name, "no number" for a blank one), level by level from
   the top and again until no two match; a match left after that (two
   codes written alike, ignoring case, or alike in their first 30
   characters) is refused.
5. **ACCNUM is the account's code**, written as a field and trimmed, or
   left blank (ACCNUM is optional; the NAME identifies the account) when
   it is longer than 7 characters (QuickBooks Desktop's limit) or another
   account's would be written the same, ignoring case. **A MEMO** is cut
   to 4,095 characters (QuickBooks Desktop's limit).
6. **Nothing changes silently.** Each account name, number or place and
   each memo the file writes differently from the books (`Iif::changes`)
   is said, both texts quoted and escaped, one line each, in the
   `warnings` of `books.export` and `books.export_cpa_package` and in the
   package README (the viewer's note counts them): each account's name,
   number and place a line; the memos grouped by what is written
   differently, each run of changed characters once with every entry it
   is in (`"—" is written "--" in the memos of entries 3, 5, 9`), then
   the memos cut. No line holds a full TIN (B-26): a run of nine digits,
   in any script's digits and separators, is masked, and so is every
   numeral of a text that holds one once written as a field (digits a
   tab apart, letters deunicode writes as digits); a memo line whose
   digits are masked says so.
7. **No customer or vendor NAME.** Intuit's IIF help makes NAME
   optional and states no need of it in a journal; QuickBooks Desktop
   asks for a customer or vendor on a journal entry to accounts
   receivable or payable, and takes one A/R or A/P account a transaction
   (Intuit staff and help, `sources/intuit-iif.md`). Writing names would
   need the customer and vendor lists declared as well, with names unique
   across them. So the file names none, and the package README names the
   entries with a line on an A/R or A/P account (`Iif::receivable_payable`),
   so the CPA can add the name if QuickBooks asks.

**Enforced:** `ledger_import::iif` (`field`, `iif_accounts`,
`journal_to_iif`, `Iif::warnings`), `ledger_package::export_iif` and
`build_package`, `ledger-mcp` `books.export` and
`books.export_cpa_package`.
**Checked:** `ledger-import` `iif.rs` unit tests (every one of the
1,112,064 Unicode scalar values written as printable ASCII, alone and
beside a letter, and kept by a second pass; the transliteration table
pinned); `tests/spec_import.rs` (`iif_docnum_is_the_entry_id`,
`iif_writes_plain_ascii_and_lists_every_change`,
`iif_every_line_ends_cr_lf`, `iif_distinct_accounts_never_share_a_name`,
`iif_a_subaccount_of_another_type_stands_at_the_top_level`,
`iif_declares_each_parent_before_its_subaccounts`,
`iif_fits_quickbooks_desktop_limits`,
`iif_warnings_group_the_memos_by_what_is_written_differently`,
`iif_warnings_never_hold_a_tin`,
`iif_change_warnings_are_one_line_each`,
`iif_keeps_a_tin_readable_to_the_package_scan`, the properties
`iif_round_trips_random_books` and
`iif_names_never_clash_and_every_change_is_listed`); `ledger-package`
`tests/package.rs` (`iif_leaves_out_period_closes`,
`the_readme_lists_what_the_iif_writes_differently`,
`the_readme_names_the_entries_on_receivables_and_payables`,
`the_bookspec_iif_example_matches_the_engine`, and B-33's); the bookspec
example `bookspec/examples/iif-quickbooks-journal-file.toml` (formats
appendix: the file line by line and its changes, derived by hand);
`ledger-mcp` `oracle_mcp.rs`
(`iif_declares_accounts_by_role_and_balances_every_transaction`,
`iif_without_as_of_is_as_of_today_and_ties_to_the_trial_balance`),
`mcp_stdio.rs` (`mcp_import_export_over_stdio`,
`the_default_period_never_shortens_the_iif_or_the_package`).

## B-35 A party's part of an entry, and a party's totals

**Status:** CONVENTION (the sign: B-2's, a line on the party's own
account); DECISION (the owner, 2026-10-15: `entry_flow`, money paid down
counted once; the owner, 2026-10-20, P3 design settled with each review's
recommendation: a member's entry counts what moved their capital, money
is cash, cards, the members' financing and loans, and a liability credit
never counts as paying that liability's own creditor); AUTHORITY for what
a member's capital counts (Treas. Reg. §1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(b), (c);
Form 1065 Schedule K-1 instructions, Item L:
`sources/irs-capital-accounts.md`) and for a promise not being payment
(Helvering v. Price, 309 U.S. 409 (1940):
`sources/helvering-v-price-1940.md`). Not ASC 230's cash (see item 8) and
not the books' accounting method (`books.accounting_basis`).

1. **Sign.** A party's part of an entry is signed as a line on the
   party's own account would be (debit-positive, B-2): positive, the
   company paid it or gave it value; negative, the company received from
   it. A bill is negative (owed to the vendor), an invoice positive.
2. **Direction, cash, in kind.** Every part carries its direction (paid,
   received, neither) and what of it moved as money (cash) and as property
   (in kind); what is neither is a promise still to be settled (a bill, an
   invoice, a fee on the party's own card, a distribution still owed) or
   moves nothing with anyone (a close), and counts in no total. A part's
   cash and in kind have its sign and together never exceed it; what of a
   paid part is neither (a distribution partly still owed) is a promise,
   counted when it is paid.
3. **What the shares split** (`shares::target`), in order:
   1. A period's closing entry: its parties' own-account movement (the
      members' equity, when only members are named), else its total
      debits; neither (B-11, B-13: a close allocates income, it moves
      nothing with anyone).
   2. A reversal: its original's target, negated, paid and received
      swapped, from the root original down (B-9: "a mistake is corrected
      by an opposite entry"); never re-read from its own lines, because
      `entry_flow` isn't odd when one liability pays down another (a
      member paying the card from their own funds, reversed, read as a
      second payment: P3 design §1.4).
   3. Every party named has the member role in the directory and the
      entry moves equity other than retained earnings (E): E, a
      contribution received (E < 0) or a distribution paid (E > 0).
      - Of a contribution, in kind is the property in it, at most |E|:
        what asset accounts that are neither cash nor receivables took in
        (the K-1 worksheet's test, k1 INVARIANT 3), so property
        contributed subject to a loan is the member's net property
        (§1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(b)(2)). The rest is cash, as the K-1 counts
        it: money, or what the member paid for the company (an expense
        booked straight to capital, a debt to them converted,
        §1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(c)(1)).
      - Of a distribution, cash is the money it paid (case 4's net, at
        most E: §1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(b)(4)) and in kind the property it
        gave up, at most what is left, as the books carry it (the
        statement's figure; (b)(5) counts its fair market value, which
        stays with the CPA). The rest, credited to a liability that
        isn't money for the entry (distributions payable, or what the
        members advanced once they are named its creditors), is still
        owed: it counts as nothing until it is paid (Helvering v. Price;
        before the P3 review a distribution declared to distributions
        payable counted when declared and again when paid, and a
        distribution of money with depreciated property read the money
        as property).
      Read from journaled facts only (roles, the chart, creditors), so a
      member leaving `[[company.members]]` never changes a posted entry;
      the settings' members matter only to a derived split among several,
      which the server journals as amounts when the entry posts.
   4. Money moved (`parties::entry_flow` net, item 5's accounts less the
      liabilities owed to a party named): the net, paid (+) or received
      (−), all of it cash.
   5. Otherwise its parties' own-account movement (payables, receivables,
      a liability owed to a party named), else the total debits; neither.
   The parts split the target as `shares` INVARIANTS 7-12 say: a
   reversal's parts are exactly its original's negated, and a member's in
   kind is shared as the K-1 worksheet shares property (in proportion,
   leftover cents by largest remainder, ties to the member listed first).
4. **Totals: `basis` cash (the default) or all, always labelled.** Cash
   counts each part's cash; all adds what moved in kind (Item L counts
   money and property alike). Each part counts on its root original's
   side, so a reversal nets what it reverses, and reversing the reversal
   brings it back. A bill or invoice counts on neither basis (a promise is
   not payment: Helvering v. Price); `billed`, `invoiced`, `owed` and
   `receivable` report those. An entry that counts nothing is never
   unresolved (its target is found before its split). For a member, over
   the entries that name only members and move their capital, plus the
   payments of distributions declared to them: basis all's received and
   paid are the statement of members' equity's contributions and
   distributions for the same dates, and basis cash's received is the
   K-1 worksheet's cash contributions, when
   - each such entry names exactly the members whose capital it moves
     (derived from their capital lines, or amounts equal to them) and
     moves every one of them the same way (capital moved from one member
     to another moves nothing with the company: neither, though the
     statement shows a distribution and a contribution);
   - no distribution declared in the span is still unpaid at its end (the
     statement counts it when declared, party totals when paid); and
   - no reversal in the span undoes an entry outside it (the statement
     then counts the reversal by its side; party totals net it on the
     original's side).

   Over any span at all, even one a reversal straddles, received less
   paid still agrees with contributions less distributions, given the
   first two conditions (the property
   `member_totals_are_the_members_equity_statement` checks every span).
5. **Money** (P3 defect 24): the cash accounts (`[books] cash_accounts`;
   every asset account but receivables when none are set), the cards
   (liability accounts whose names say "card" but not "gift card", the
   rule the reconciliation reminders read, until payment instruments name
   them), and `[books] financing_accounts` (what the members advanced,
   loans). Every other liability (payables, the payroll withholdings, an
   accrued expense, deferred revenue, gift cards the company sold) is a
   promise: counted when it is settled, never also when it is booked
   (before P3 an accrual through any liability but payables and payroll
   counted twice). So a card account whose name doesn't say "card" is
   not money until it is listed in `financing_accounts` or an instrument
   names it, and with `financing_accounts` unset what the members
   advanced is not money either: a purchase through either then counts
   for no one until it is paid off (the handbook tells the agent to list
   them).
6. **A party's own liabilities.** A party may be named the creditor of
   the liabilities the company owes it itself (`creditor_of`: a card's
   issuer, a loan's lender, each member for what the members advanced;
   `party.creditor_set`, a journal feature). For an entry naming it, a
   credit to one never counts as paying it (a fee on its card, interest on
   its loan, equipment on the seller's note: neither, until paid; a
   distribution credited to the members' financing: still owed), and a
   debit to one is what the money paid for (a card payment, a
   reimbursement: paid, as before).
7. **Known limits**, stated in the tools' text: an entry that both repays
   a member and distributes to them counts the distribution only; money a
   member lends under their own name through the members' financing and
   later converts to capital counts both times (received as a loan, then
   as a contribution), as does a distribution declared through it while
   the members aren't named its creditors (paid when declared, and again
   when paid); an entry naming a payee together with the creditor of the
   liability that paid it (a vendor and the member who paid it through
   the members' financing) reads neither for both; an expense a member
   paid that is booked straight to capital and tagged with the vendor
   reads neither (the vendor isn't counted as paid; tagged with the
   member, it is the member's cash contribution). Record them apart, and
   a member's payment for the company through the members' financing,
   tagged with the payee: the house conventions already do.
8. **How party totals relate to the cash flow statement** (B-14, D-42,
   P3 defect 1). The statement reports the company's cash, ASC 230's: a
   member paying a vendor for the company is cash borrowed from the member
   and spent, on that date (a financing inflow and an operating or
   investing outflow); paying the member back is a financing outflow;
   property a member contributes, and a debt to them converted to
   capital, are noncash (disclosed). Party totals report what moved with
   each party: the vendor is paid when the member pays it (the same date
   and amount as the statement's outflow); the member is paid back when
   the statement shows the financing outflow; and a member's capital
   counts when it moves, a conversion as the cash contribution the K-1
   calls it (the money they paid for the company), property in kind; a
   distribution counts when it is paid, as on the statement. Where both
   show a payment they agree on its amount and date. The statement shows
   more than party totals do in two places: the financing inflow from a
   member who pays a vendor is in no party's totals (the entry names the
   vendor; the member's totals show only the repayment), and an expense
   booked straight to capital and tagged with the vendor isn't counted
   as paid to the vendor (item 7). "Cash" in party totals is money
   through the company's cash accounts, cards and financing (and, on a
   member's contribution, the K-1's cash), not the statement's ASC 230
   cash.

**Enforced:** `kernel::party_target`, `kernel::reverse_target`,
`shares::{target, split, resolve}`, `parties::{flow, money_accounts,
card_accounts, MoneyAccounts::for_parties, activity_with, Activity::totals,
Basis}`, `Ledger::set_party_creditor`, `Store::set_party_creditor` (the
`party_creditors` journal feature, declared before its first line);
`ledger-mcp` `books.get_entry` (`resolved`, `direction`, `cash`,
`in_kind`), `books.party` and `books.parties` (`basis`), `books.update_party`
(`creditor_of`); the viewer's party pages and entry page.
**Checked:** `ledger-core` `tests/spec_party_totals.rs` (the audit's
table, the members' equity and K-1 identities over every span, the
reversed card payment, accruals, a gift card, a party's own liabilities,
distributions declared or of depreciated property, the properties), Kani
`party_target_direction_is_its_sign`, `party_target_is_odd`,
`reverse_target_is_an_involution`, bridge `party_target_agrees`; Lean
`reverseTarget_involutive`, `capitalTarget_odd`, `partyTarget_odd`,
`sumOver_movement_reversal`; `ledger-store` `tests/party_creditors.rs`;
`ledger-mcp` `tests/spec_party_totals.rs`; `ledger-gui` `tests/parties.rs`.