feat(glossy): add utility for determining indefinite articles in English
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@@ -36,3 +36,128 @@
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word + "s"
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}
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}
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// Determines the appropriate indefinite article ("a" or "an") for a given English word.
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//
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// Heuristic rules:
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// 1. If word looks like an acronym (all uppercase or letters separated by dots):
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// - Use "an" if the first letter's name starts with a vowel sound, e.g. A (ay), E (ee), F (eff), H (aitch), I (eye), L (el), M (em), N (en), O (oh), R (ar), S (ess), X (ex).
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// - Otherwise "a".
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//
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// 2. Otherwise, lowercase the word and apply standard rules:
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// - Starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o): "an".
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// - Starts with "u":
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// * If it begins with "uni", "use", "user", or "eu" (e.g. "university", "use", "Europe"), we treat it as a "yoo" sound -> "a".
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// * Otherwise -> "an".
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// - Special silent 'h' words: if it starts with "hour", "honest", "honor", "honour", or other, use "an".
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// Otherwise if starts with 'h', use "a".
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// - Default: "a".
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//
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// Notes:
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// - This is a best-effort heuristic and won't be perfect.
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// - These are for singular forms. If plural form is requested alongside
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// articles, the caller should panic before calling this function.
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//
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// Returns:
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// "a" or "an"
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//
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// Example:
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// __determine_article("RF") -> "an" (Ar-Ef)
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// __determine_article("radio") -> "a"
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// __determine_article("hour") -> "an"
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// __determine_article("honest") -> "an"
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// __determine_article("university") -> "a"
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// __determine_article("umbrella") -> "an"
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// __determine_article("Europe") -> "a" (because we assume "yoo-ruhp")
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#let __determine_article(word) = {
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// Check input
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if word == none or word.trim() == "" {
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// If invalid, default to none
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return none
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}
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// Normalize the word
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let upper_word = word.trim()
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let lower_word = lower(upper_word)
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// When these letters are spelled out, they get an "an" (i.e. "an RFC")
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let acronym_vowels = (
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"A", // "ay"
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"E", // "ee"
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"F", // "eff"
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"H", // "aitch"
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"I", // "eye"
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"L", // "el"
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"M", // "em"
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"N", // "en"
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"O", // "oh"
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"R", // "ar"
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"S", // "ess"
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"X", // "ex"
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)
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// Helper to detect if word looks like an acronym
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let is_acronym = {
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// All uppercase or letters separated by non-alphabetical chars
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let cleaned = upper_word.replace(".", "").replace("-", "")
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cleaned.codepoints().all(c => c == upper(c)) and cleaned.len() > 0
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}
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if is_acronym {
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// Use acronym rules
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let first_char = upper_word.slice(0,1)
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if acronym_vowels.contains(first_char) {
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"an"
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} else {
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"a"
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}
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} else {
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// Non-acronym rules
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let first_char = lower_word.slice(0,1)
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// Special cases for words matching a set of known 'silent h' prefixes
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let silent_h_words = (
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"heir", // "air"
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"herb", // "erb" (in American English)
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"homage", // "oh-mij" or "ah-mij"
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"honest", // "on-est"
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"honor", // "on-or" (American English)
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"honour", // "on-our" (British English)
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"hour", // "our"
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)
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if silent_h_words.any(w => lower_word.starts-with(w)) {
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return "an"
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}
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// Words starting with 'eu', which has the 'yoo' sound
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if lower_word.starts-with("eu") {
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return "a"
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}
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// Words starting with 'u', that get the 'yoo' sound
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if first_char == "u" {
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let yoo_sounds = (
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"ubi", // ubiquitous
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"uni", // unicycle, uniform, universe, university, unilateral, unique, union, etc.
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"usa", // usage, usability
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"use", // use, useful, useless
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"usu", // usual, usually
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"usur", // usurp
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"ute", // utensil, uterus
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"uti", // utility, utilize, utilization
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"uto", // utopia, utopian
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)
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if yoo_sounds.any(w => lower_word.starts-with(w)) {
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return "a"
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}
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}
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// Vowel start
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if "aeiou".contains(first_char) {
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return "an"
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}
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// the default case, plus 'h' words not in the silent list
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"a"
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}
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}
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@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
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#import "/src/utils.typ": *
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#let tests = (
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// Main tests (covers most of English language)
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("Europe","a"),
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("European","a"),
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("Hannah","a"),
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("T-shirt","a"),
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("Xerox","a"),
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("Zebra","a"),
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("aardvark","an"),
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("apple","an"),
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("boat","a"),
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("car","a"),
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("cat","a"),
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("chair","a"),
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("dog","a"),
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("egg","an"),
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("elephant","an"),
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("emu","an"),
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("eucalyptus","a"),
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("eulogy","a"),
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("euphemism","a"),
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("exhausted","an"),
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("ghost","a"),
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("hat","a"),
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("heir","an"),
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("heiress","an"),
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("herb","an"),
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("herbal","an"),
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("historic","a"),
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("history","a"),
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("homage","an"),
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("honest","an"),
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("honestly","an"),
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("honor","an"),
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("honorary","an"),
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("honour","an"),
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("horse","a"),
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("hour","an"),
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("hourglass","an"),
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("house","a"),
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("iris","an"),
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("orange","an"),
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("owl","an"),
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("table","a"),
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("ugly","an"),
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("umbrella","an"),
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("umpire","an"),
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("unicorn","a"),
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("unique","a"),
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("university","a"),
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("urn","an"),
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("usage","a"),
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("user","a"),
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("utensil","a"),
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// Acronym tests
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("ASCII","an"),
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("CFO","a"),
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("F.A.Q.","an"),
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("FBI","an"),
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("GIF","a"),
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("HIV","an"),
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("JPEG","a"),
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("LED","an"),
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("MRI","an"),
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("NATO","an"),
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("PNG","a"),
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("Q&A","a"),
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("RF","an"),
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("RNG","an"),
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("SAS","an"),
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("SMS","an"),
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("SOS","an"),
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("SQL","an"),
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("UFO","a"),
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("URL","a"),
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("VCR","a"),
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("WWW","a"),
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("X.Y.Z.","an"),
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("YAML","a"),
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// Extra tests (courtesy of LLM)
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// Common English words starting with vowels
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("idea","an"),
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("island","an"),
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("offer","an"),
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("option","an"),
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("operation","an"),
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("appletree","an"),
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("iguana","an"),
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("octopus","an"),
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("atom","an"),
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("item","an"),
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// Words starting with vowel but "yoo" sound (thus 'a')
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("universe","a"),
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("unicycle","a"),
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("uniform","a"),
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("union","a"),
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("united","a"),
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("unique","a"), // already tested, reaffirmed
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("usual","a"),
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("useful","a"),
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("utility","a"),
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("utopia","a"),
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// More common vowel words with a/an
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("umbrella","an"), // repeated but reaffirming
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("eggplant","an"),
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("insect","an"),
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("eleven","an"),
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("olive","an"),
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("impulse","an"),
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("ox","an"),
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("aroma","an"),
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("ear","an"),
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("ocean","an"),
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// Words starting with 'h' but pronounced, so 'a'
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("house","a"), // repeated for emphasis
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("hammer","a"),
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("helmet","a"),
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("history","a"), // repeated
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("hero","a"),
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("hill","a"),
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("hobby","a"),
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("holiday","a"),
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("harmony","a"),
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("hover","a"),
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// More silent 'h' words (already in set, but variations)
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("honorific","an"),
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("honorarium","an"),
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("honesties","an"),
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("hourly","an"),
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("heirloom","an"),
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// Words starting with 'e' + 'u' combo with "yoo" sound
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("Europe","a"), // repeated
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("European","a"), // repeated
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("euphoric","a"),
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("eureka","a"),
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("euphemistic","a"),
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("euphonious","a"),
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("eucalyptus","a"), // repeated
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("euthanasia","a"),
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("eugenics","a"),
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("Eurasia","a"),
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// Common consonant-start words
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("book","a"),
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("pen","a"),
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("fork","a"),
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("spoon","a"),
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("knife","a"),
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("ball","a"),
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("tree","a"),
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("river","a"),
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("mountain","a"),
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("cloud","a"),
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// More vowel-start words
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("ostrich","an"),
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("amphibian","an"),
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("eleven","an"), // repeated
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("issue","an"),
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("incense","an"),
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("antenna","an"),
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("echo","an"),
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("aisle","an"),
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("oracle","an"),
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("overcoat","an"),
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// More acronym/initialism tests:
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("ATM","an"), // A = 'ay'
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("EPA","an"), // E = 'ee'
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("FAQ","an"), // F = 'eff', repeated as F.A.Q.
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("HTML","an"), // H = 'aitch'
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("IBM","an"), // I = 'eye'
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("LAN","an"), // L = 'el'
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("NFL","an"), // N = 'en'
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("OSHA","an"), // O = 'oh'
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("RAM","an"), // R = 'ar'
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("SMS","an"), // repeated, S = 'ess'
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// Acronyms starting with consonant sound letters
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("GIF","a"), // G = 'jee', repeated
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("CFO","a"), // C = 'see', repeated (consonant sound 's')
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("CEO","a"), // C = 'see'
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("DNA","a"), // D = 'dee' starts with 'd' consonant sound
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("PGA","a"), // P = 'pee' starts with 'p' consonant sound
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("QVC","a"), // Q = 'kyoo' starts with 'k' consonant sound
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("TNT","a"), // T = 'tee' starts with 't' consonant sound
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("UPS","a"), // U = 'yoo' sound, hence 'a'
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("VIP","a"), // V = 'vee' starts with 'v' consonant sound
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("WIPO","a"), // W = 'double-u' starts with 'd' consonant sound
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// More tricky 'u' words with 'yoo' sound for 'a'
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("unify","a"),
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("unilateral","a"),
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("ubiquitous","a"), // 'yoo-bik...'
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("usurp","a"),
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("usuary","a"), // 'yoo-zhoo-ary' (rare, but treat like usual)
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("uterus","a"), // 'yoo-terus'
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("usher","an"), // 'uh-sher' vowel sound
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("ugly","an"), // repeated, 'uh-glee'
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("upper","an"), // 'uh-pur' (vowel sound but actually 'uh' sound = 'an'? Actually "upper" starts with a simple vowel sound 'uh', so should it be 'an'? It's commonly "an upper hand".
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("update","an"), // 'up-date' starts with 'uh' vowel sound → 'an update' normally. Actually we say "an update" commonly. Correcting to 'an':
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// Words starting with 'u' that actually take "an"
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// (because they start with a vowel sound 'uh'):
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("under","an"),
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("understand","an"),
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("unusual","an"),
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("unreal","an"),
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("unemployed","an"),
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("unequal","an"),
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("unopened","an"),
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("unarmed","an"),
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("uneasy","an"),
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("united","a"), // 'yoo-nited' is 'a united front'
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("universal","a"),
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("umbrella","an"), // repeated
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("upset","an"), // 'uh-pset' vowel start
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// More vowel words to ensure coverage:
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("animal","an"),
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("image","an"),
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("order","an"),
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("arrow","an"),
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("ace","an"),
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("acre","an"),
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("agent","an"),
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("artist","an"),
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("idea","an"), // repeated
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("aim","an"),
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("item","an"), // repeated
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("isotope","an"),
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("opera","an"),
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// Words starting with vowels but pronounced with consonant sound 'y' → 'a'
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("euphemistic","a"), // repeated
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("euphoric","a"),
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("eulogy","a"), // repeated
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("Europe","a"), // repeated
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("European","a"), // repeated
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("eugenics","a"), // repeated
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("euphemism","a"), // repeated
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("eureka","a"), // repeated
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("euphonious","a"),
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("Eurasia","a"),
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// Common consonant-start words:
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("milk","a"),
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("road","a"),
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("stone","a"),
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("book","a"), // repeated
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("pen","a"), // repeated
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("fork","a"), // repeated
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("spoon","a"), // repeated
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("knife","a"), // 'knife' actually starts with /n/ sound because 'k' is silent. "a knife" or "an knife"? It's "a knife" (starts with 'n' consonant sound?), actually 'kn' in 'knife' is silent, so 'knife' is pronounced 'nife' with a consonant sound 'n', so "a knife" is correct.
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("glass","a"),
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("window","a"),
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// Final checks with tricky silent letters:
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("gnome","a"), // 'g' silent, pronounced 'nome' with 'n' consonant sound → 'a gnome'
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("gnat","a"), // 'nat' consonant sound → 'a gnat'
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("xylophone","a"), // 'zylophone' → 'z' consonant sound → 'a xylophone'
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("xenon","a"), // 'zee-non' consonant sound 'z' → 'a xenon'
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("honorific","an"), // repeated but reaffirming
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("hourly","an"), // repeated but reaffirming
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("honorably","an"),
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("honorifics","an"),
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("honors","an"),
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)
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#for (word, article) in tests {
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let chosen = __determine_article(word)
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if chosen != article {
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panic("bad choice! word: " + word + ", article: " + article + ", chosen: " + chosen)
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}
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}
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#set page(height: auto, width: auto, margin: 1em)
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Success! All articles determined properly!
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Reference in new issue
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